tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4295892268823596342024-02-20T16:56:17.917-08:00Medical school application essayWriting Paper PdfLewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-7534819140073440782020-08-23T00:50:00.001-07:002020-08-23T00:50:14.815-07:00Role of Women in Vietnam Essay Sample free essay sampleThe capacity of grown-up females is an of import segment of family life and society. as womenâ⬠to refer to president Maoâ⬠ââ¬Å"are shipping a large portion of the Heavenâ⬠. The modifying capacity of Vietnamese grown-up females through the chronicled ages has been a review in the gathering of numerous civic establishments: lndigenous Vietnamese progress. Chinese civilisation. Gallic and other Western impacts. These impacts despite everything leave follows at the current clasp. regardless of whether inside Vietnam or among the Vietnamese diaspora outside Vietnam. In Vietnamese history. there are two extraordinary women known as. the Trung women. who tossed out the Chinese provincial bosses and won independency for Vietnam in 40-43 A. D. . or on the other hand the Lady Trieu ( 249A. D. ) who other than battled the Chinese. or then again the revolutionists Co Giang and Co Bac who were dynamic against the Gallic. despite the fact that these courageous women may give us the hint at the capacity of Vietnamese grown-up females in open life which predated the movement for equivalent rights for grown-up females in the cutting edge universe. Or maybe. we are worried here with the monetary and cultural capacity and legitimate situation of the ââ¬Å"ordinaryâ⬠Vietnamese grown-up females from the beginning of time. in Vietnam each piece great as abroad. We have discovered that there is a Cardinal THEME in the odyssey of Vietnamese grown-up females: official good guidelines may hold been upheld and area Torahs may hold been proclaimed to authorize disparity on grown-up females. in any case, THE REAL POPULAR CUSTOMS. supported by the truth forced maps of grown-up females. HAVE CONSISTENTLY SUPPORTED AN EQUAL ROLE FOR VIETNAMESE WOMEN. In this manner DEFEATING THE MAN-INSPIRED STEREOTYPES. What's more, THE LAW EVENTUALLY HAS ALSO TO ADAPT TO THIS EGALITARIAN DRIVE AND GRANTED EQUAL STATUS TO WOMEN. 1. THE VIETNAMESE WOMAN IN TRADITIONAL VIETNAM: INDIGENEOUS AND CHINESE FAMILY VALUES Customary Vietnam was overwhelmed by Chinese human progress. with the Confucian good guidelines of three bonds ( hat cA?Aââ¬ng ) and three conditions ( hat tA?ng ) : the three bonds being the ( I ) the subjectââ¬â¢s certainty to the head. ( two ) the childrenââ¬â¢s devotion toward their folks. ( three ) the wifeââ¬â¢s respect to her hubby ; and the three conditions being the womanââ¬â¢s obligation to follow her male parent when juvenile. her hubby when hitched and her boies when a widow. This inconsistent intercession of grown-up females in profound quality was converted into a lower position for the wedded lady in the statute. Numerous impudences submitted by the wedded lady against the hubby were rebuffed with a similar disagreeableness as impudences submitted by kids or grandkids against guardians or grandparents. A few activities were viewed as condemnable just when taken by the wedded lady yet non when by the hubby ( for delineation: whipping wedded lady without harming ) . The hubby may one-sidedly abandon his wedded lady for one of the seven grounds ( thA?t xuA?t ), for example, childlessness or green-peered toward beast. Be that as it may, the above exercise or lawful idealsââ¬no vulnerability propelled by a male-ruled governmentââ¬had to do awards to the significance of the Vietnamese womenââ¬â¢s work in world. They took part in beneficial work and likely beat work powers in this capacity. as the work powers were caught up with fighting such huge numbers of wars in our history or occupied with breaking down for the traditional examinations to come in the bureaucratism. In like manner individuals section structures. we see the dynamic capacity of the Vietnamese females in agribusiness and account. In light of the universe of the Vietnamese womenââ¬â¢s work in the financial framework. indeed, even the Torahs of the sovereigns needed to give them fairness in social liberties. In the nation of individual right. LA? line Torahs required the wedded lady and the hubby to love and regard one another and would knock a hubby who dismissed or deserted his wedded lady. The wedded lady could other than take venture to ask for a separation on a few confirmations obscure to China ( for representation. the hubby fail to see her by and by for five months ) . Significantly a greater amount of import are the Vietnamese womenââ¬â¢s possessions rights. something the Chinese grown-up females did non hold. Chinaââ¬â¢s customary law codifications referenced nil about the daughtersââ¬â¢ grouping rights. the LA? tradition statute explicitly expressed that siblings and sisters should each piece in the arrangement of the parentsââ¬â¢ home. Equity in legacy drove coherently to fairness tow ard the path and province of the conjugal domain. During the existence clasp of the accomplices. the wedded lady took part in all possessions minutess influencing the basic assets gained during marriage or brought to it by her. At the point when a wedded lady turned into a widow with kids. she would continue administrating. as family caput. the family home much after remarriage and may even strip the terrible children of familial belongingss. In example of no children. the widow would lounge the equivalent rights given to the widowman: withdrawing the possessions her kinfolk had added to the marriage and half of the assets obtained during marriage ; and luxuriating the use of a piece of her late husbandââ¬â¢s effects until remarriage. This LA? administration convention turned out to be such a solid standard guideline, that the ulterior NguyA?n dynastyââ¬â¢s law was non trailed by the individuals since it fused the Chinese guideline that a remarried widow lost control over the family things. This Vietnamese guideline was other than further developed than the Anglo-American normal statute guideline of the nineteenth Century on the wifeââ¬â¢s things: ââ¬Å"The hubby. by marriage. obtains outright rubric to all the individual things of the wedded lady. These go his things. â⬠( The Law of Baron and Femme. New Haven. 1816 ) . I. - THE VIETNAMESE WOMAN IN MODERN VIETNAM: French AND SOCIALIST INFLUENCES A. UNDER THE FRENCH AND UP TO 1959. After the Gallic came at the terminal of the nineteenth century to colonize Vietnam. they principal applied the statute of the Nguyen or last tradition and in this way proclaimed new codifications of law. designed blending to the Napoleon codification. Once more. we see the strained quality between the confinements the specialists Torahs forced on the position and capacity of grown-up females and the proceeded with cultural push toward correspondence for them in world. The Gallic councils of law applied the Nguyen Code which was a transcript of the Chââ¬â¢ing Dynasty Code in China. Hence. Vietnamese grown-up females endured a setoff in their position on the grounds that the courts despite everything perceived the husbandââ¬â¢s option to repudiate his wedded lady until 1926. what's more just discontinuously perceived. what's more, as often as possible denied. the wifeââ¬â¢s right to her different effects and her part in the network things. In the 1930?s. at the point when the new respectful codifications were proclaimed in North and Central Vietnam. the wedded lady had some heading capacity over the network assets. yet, when she kicked the bucket or remarried. she had less rights than under the customary Le statute or use: on the off chance that she passed on. her hubby turned into the selective owner of all belongingss including the different assets part got by the wedded lady ; in the event that she turned into a widow and remarried. she lost all her entitlement to the husbandââ¬â¢s separate assets and could take a large portion of the regular things only if there was no children. Moreover. under pilgrim Torahs. the impression of legitimate inadequacy of the wedded grown-up female was another measure in reverse: she needed to comply with the husbandââ¬â¢s approval. stay at whatever residence picked by the hubby. permit him represent her in all close to home businesss. also, get his authorization to indict in a calling. an exchange or a different concern ; she could activity simply with his order and could give. sell. contract and acknowledge effects only with his commitment. Be that as it may. the use of correspondence for the grown-up female was as yet the wild tendency in Vietnamese society under the Gallic. Indeed, even the pilgrim statute codifications said she had legitimate ability to execute her hubby on family issues: this is an immediate effect of her capacity as ââ¬ËMinister of Interiorâ⬠. In design. use despite everything complied with the Le administration convention of requiring the wifeââ¬â¢s signature in possessions removal and permitting her to withdraw her different effects upon separation or her husbandââ¬â¢s expire. This was because of the of import financial capacity of grown-up females in agribusiness. corporate greed and different businesss. In the urban nations. especially since the 1930?s. there was a women's activist movement requesting liberation of the grown-up females from the burden of the drawn-out family. especially the relative. their opportunity of marriage ( on the other hand of requested pre-marriage ceremony ) . their guidance and commitment in new reasons for living on an equivalent terms with menâ⬠in concern. law. clinical forte. pharmaceutics. news media. writing and humanistic controls. Another abstract school of thought ( Tu Luc Van Doan ) committed itself to the arrival of grown-up females. B. THE NEW EQUALITY FOR WOMEN IN VIET NAM FROM 1959 ON. In 1954?ââ¬Ë . Vietnam was partitioned into North and South Vietnam. In the South. the womenââ¬â¢s push toward uniformity rose with a reprisal with the abetment of the supposed Dragon Lady. Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu. who was instrumental in holding the new Family Law received by the National Assembly. Under this law. the hubby and the wedded lady together claimed and dealt with all belongingss ; the law allowed even the wedded lady to join the pay of the accomplice in the guardianships of outsiders ; considerably progressively solitary. the womanââ¬â¢s individual rights were pushed far: controlling separation ( except if approve Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-29263071431629585012020-08-21T22:32:00.001-07:002020-08-21T22:32:11.524-07:00Graffiti ArtBrandon Salcido Art Graffiti is characterized as the demonstration of writing or drawing on dividers to impart a message to the overall population. The term originates from the Greek expression ââ¬Å"Graphein,â⬠which implies ââ¬Ëto compose. ââ¬Ë It has been around since men first began attracting pictures quite a while. The inquiry regarding whether any types of spray painting can be viewed as workmanship is dubious. Is it vandalism when it is set on a structure or vehicle and craftsmanship when it is on a canvas on somebody's divider or in a display; whatââ¬â¢s the distinction? Spray painting can be viewed as workmanship since it contains masterful components. It conveys the craftsman's demeanor to the watcher, and the conventional workmanship network has just acknowledged it. Since the foundation of the word ââ¬Å"graffitiâ⬠is ââ¬Å"to write,â⬠then it very well may be deciphered as a human requirement for correspondence. Thought processes in delivering this workmanship change massively from craftsman to craftsman. Spray painting craftsmen who are attracted to the fine art for singular articulation are significantly more inventive with their work. They go to it since they accept that the hip-jump style is the nearest portrayal of who they are as an individual. This kind of craftsman generally attempts to ace complicated plans of spray painting that state something other than their road names, however offer engaging style. Without a superior comprehension of why specialists go to spray painting, it isn't astonishing that the normal individual's picture of this kind of craftsman is a long way from exact. A lion's share of individuals will in general partner spray painting with vandalism. They think most about these craftsmen are punks or pack bangers with nothing better to do with their time, when insights presently show that more than one-portion of spray painting specialists originate from white center and high society homes in the rural territories. Vandalism and spray painting get from totally different intentions and conditions. I accept there is a scarce difference between the two. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-89360220554853406282020-07-08T12:07:00.001-07:002020-07-08T12:07:02.564-07:00The clean water act Research Paper - 275 WordsThe clean water act (Research Paper Sample) Content: Clean Water ActStudentà ¢Ã¢â ¬s NameUniversity AffiliationClean Water ActThis act is the main law governing water pollution in the United States. Its target is to regulate, reduce and eliminate the chemical, physical and by extension- the biological state of the water in the country (Act, 2008). This law averts and pollution by the government of treatment works and point pollution- and it is hoped that the management of wastewater contributes significantly to the actual cleanliness of national waters.The strategy employed in control and limitation of pollution of water revolves around various standards and measures as outlined. Point sources are not to discharge wastes (pollutants) without authority from the government environmental agencies for each state in the country. The standards used to quantify the point and the discharge are technologically based, limited by the application of the water quality analysis evaluation for acceptable water quality (Glicksman B atzel, 2010). The states in question are to liaise with the communities affected to classify the designated uses of the water à ¢Ã¢â ¬ and hence determine the allowable contents that can be disposed of into the water (Act, 2008). The chemical quantity, for example, would be used to decide of water is safe for farming.For non- point sources, pollutants involving agricultural storm water runoff are exempted from needing a permit, but with actual government support for control of the same. The industrial sources are however not excused, as the discharge from these sources can be controlled. Municipal runoff is however not defined, although it is excused- but it remains the responsibility of the governing body (Copeland, 2006). A financing program e... Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-71447684816306734402020-05-19T20:29:00.001-07:002020-05-19T20:29:05.426-07:00Intensive Pronoun Definition and Examples Inà English grammar, anà intensive pronounà is aà pronoun ending in -self or -selves that serve to emphasize its antecedent. They are also known asà intensive reflexive pronouns. Intensive pronouns often appear as appositives after nouns or other pronouns. Intensive pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, oneself, and themselves. Unlike reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns are not essential to the basic meaning of a sentence. Examples and Observations I have never yet failed to meet a deadline I myself have set up.(Pat Schneider, Writing Alone and With Others. Oxford University Press, 2003)He wondered, as he had many times wondered before, whether he himself was a lunatic.(George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1948)Janis Joplin was a name now associated with an image, one that had grown bigger than the womanââ¬â¹ herself.(Buzzy Jackson, A Bad Woman Feeling Good. Norton, 2005)Watching children make real progress in their language and literacy development is a reward with few rivals, especially because the children themselves greet their own accomplishments with such joy.(Katherine A. Beauchat et al, The Building Blocks of Preschool Success. Guilford Press, 2010)We ourselves feel that what we are doing is just a drop in the ocean. But the ocean would be less because of that missing drop.(Mother Teresa)It seems to me, that if you tried hard, you would in time find it possible to become what you yourself would approve.(Charlotte Bro ntà «, Jane Eyre, 1847)When you, our white countrymen, have attempted to do anything for us, it has generally been to deprive us of some right, power, or privilege, which you yourselves would die before you would submit to have taken from you.(Frederick Douglass)Not until the problem itself is clearly diagnosed can a solution be found.(Toby Dodge, Trying to Reconstitute the Iraqi State. Crescent of Crisis, ed. by Ivo Daalder et al. Brookings Institution Press, 2006)I found myself hoping that by the simple fact of extending some humanity towards poor old Ned, offering the unfortunate wretch some small degree of genuine understanding, that I myself had played some worthwhile role in this new and most welcome world of equanimity.(Patrick McCabe, Winterwood. Bloomsbury, 2006) The Difference Between Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns The contrast between reflexive and intensive pronouns is well illustrated with sit down, an intransitive verb that can also be used causatively, e.g. She sat the child down. It can be seen that John sat himself down is a reflexivised causative, whereas John himself sat downà and John sat down himself are intransitive, with an intensive pronoun that relates to the subject NP. Intensive pronouns are generally not placed in structural positions that could be filled by a reflexive pronoun. Watch is a transitive verb which can omit its subject--John watched Mary, John watched himself (on the video), John watched. In this case, an intensive pronoun from the subject NP (John himself watched) would not be likely to be moved to a position after the verb, since it could then be mistaken for a reflexive substitute for the object NP. However, an intensive pronoun could be moved after an explicit object NP (especially if there was a gender difference), e.g. John watched Mary himself. (Robert M. W. Dixon, A Semantic Approach to English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2005) Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-66734220184058272822020-05-06T22:33:00.001-07:002020-05-06T22:33:25.541-07:00Essay on The Role of Local Governments in the Global Economy NOYO OSAGHAE 1/30/2012 I HAVE NEITHER GIVEN NOR RECEIVED, NOR HAVE I TOLERATED OTHERSââ¬â¢ OF UNAUTHORIZED AID THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN A GLOBALIZED ECONOMY Recent developments in the global economy would seem to suggest that it is in the interest of states to be integrated into the global economy, although it is also obvious that most would like to do so in the most beneficial and equitable ways. The increase in the number of states seeking membership in the World Trade Organization is perhaps evidence enough that states, whether developed or underdeveloped, democratic or non-democratic, want to play a role in the World Liberal Order. The circumstances under which states are influenced to be integrated into the global economyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦According to her ââ¬Å"While globalization gives rise to global cooperation, global local tensions surface as localities adapt to economic, technological and societal changes brought about by this processâ⬠. The method of adaption stated, is through the process of ââ¬Å"Glocalizationâ⬠which she defines as ââ¬Å"a merging of global opportunities and local interests, aim ing to create a more socio-economically balanced world, which calls for the accommodation of global perspectives to local conditions, as well as for a more pronounced role of local actors addressing global challengesâ⬠. She further explains the function of Glocalization as ââ¬Å"making cities key players in decentralized foreign policy, diplomacy, trade and inter-city projects forwarding social and economic development. This activity happens through the creation of coalitions where local governments serve as a balancing force to international private and public sector organizations in the framework of joint projectsâ⬠. This viewpoint emphasizes the importance of the reform of globalization to be spearheaded by local leaders as they are more sensitive to social and cultural needs and closer in proximity to citizens than their national counterparts. The author analyzes these local responsesShow MoreRelatedLocal Economic Development For The City Of Johannesburg South Africa1428 Words à |à 6 Pagesrecommendations for the local economic development for the city of Johannesburg South Africa. 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Porterââ¬â¢s Diamond Model The Diamond Model (figure 1) outlines the ââ¬Ëfour broad attributes of a nation that shape the environment, in which local firms compete that promote or impede the creation Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-79429257044906763112020-05-06T06:56:00.001-07:002020-05-06T06:56:14.672-07:00Fundamental of management Samples for Students â⬠MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Fundamental of management. Answer: Clan culture and its relationship with the organizational structure It is observed that clan culture is a family-based corporate environment that insists on the consensus as well as commodity of values and gaols. Clan culture remains as most corporative and least competitive compared to other corporate culture (Kim and Hougyun 2016). The work environment is friendly and individuals have a lot of things in common. Thus, it is quite similar to a large family. The leaders and senior executives are considered as the mentors. The organization following clan culture is built with loyalty and tradition. As the major responsibilities, the companies tend to emphasizes long-term HR development. The major value drivers of clan culture are commitment, communication and development Gardner and Richard (2012). Likewise, the major theory of effectiveness of this culture is the development of human resource. In order to build an effective team, the employees are empowered with the authority to make decision. The leaders following the clan culture develop an open com munication, where the colleagues and co-worker could discuss their issues with the leaders. Figure 1: Organizational Culture (Source: Kim and Hougyun 2014) However, organization ns following the clan culture could suffer from the lack of diversity (Zahari, Ibrahim Bin, and Adel Mohamed Ali Shurbagi). A different thought is required to resolve the business problems but if all employees look at the same problem with same ideas, the solutions are less likely to discovered (Kim and Hougyun 2014). It is also observed that clan culture is effective in a small but an organization with a large structure and policies usually do not implement this culture. Nevertheless, employees who understand and embrace their workplace culture have better grasp of their objectives as well as they are more aware of their employee and customer needs (Ahmadi and Jamshid Akbari 2012). Explaining with the example One of the largest media and entertainment brands Vogue in Australia developed clan culture in its workplace. The brand is best known for its Vogue Magazine, which has gained worldwide popularity. The company has developed a friendly workplace culture, where the employees enjoy their work. Even though, the work culture in Vogue relies on employee empowerment, the senior leaders mostly take the large business decisions (Vague 2017). However, it is also identified that the company in foreign countries has different organizational culture, which is completely based on the usual structure of the corporate sector of the nation. For example, as the corporate environment in Singapore often relies on the hierarchical structure, the company develops its culture with increasing policies and rules instead of developing a friendly environment. In addition, as the clan culture has increasing level of internal focus, the maintenance of family based culture remains as the primary point, which often leads to delays as well as deficiencies. Recommendation The organization with large size and stricture could implement an adhocracy organizational culture instead of being relied on clan culture. The organizations in foreign countries have to deal with different corporate environment. Thus, Vogue could complement a culture that is globally acceptable. In such context, adhocracy organizational structure, the employees use their skills and talents to tackle the risk and the leaders focus on the innovation. In addition, the employees are engaged in decision-making, when the company needs to develop a large business solution. References "Vague". 2017.Vogue.Com.Au. https://www.vogue.com.au/. Ahmadi, Seyed Ali Akbar, Yashar Salamzadeh, Mohammadreza Daraei, and Jamshid Akbari. "Relationship between organizational culture and strategy implementation: typologies and dimensions."Global Business and Management Research4, no. 3/4 (2012): 286. Gardner, William L., Brian J. Reithel, Claudia C. Cogliser, Fred O. Walumbwa, and Richard T. Foley. "Matching personality and organizational culture: Effects of recruitment strategy and the Five-Factor Model on subjective personorganization fit."Management Communication Quarterly26, no. 4 (2012): 585-622. Kim, Hougyun. "Transformational leadership, organizational clan culture, organizational affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior: a case of South Korea's public sector."Public Organization Review14, no. 3 (2014): 397-417. Zahari, Ibrahim Bin, and Adel Mohamed Ali Shurbagi. "The effect of organizational culture and the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction in petroleum sector of Libya."International Business Research5, no. 9 (2012): 89. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-61817750884567642352020-04-22T08:44:00.001-07:002020-04-22T08:44:03.245-07:00The Professors House Essays - The Professors House, Willa Cather The Professor's House: A Loss of Identity In Willa Cather's The Professor's House, we see a changing persona in Godfrey St. Peter. Early in the story, St. Peter is a man continually looking and preparing for his future, a man who holds dear to his principles and ideals. The story concludes with an almost frail St. Peter, withdrawn from everything he deems important in his life. He abandons everything that has made him who he is and lives in the memory of his lost and "primitive" (Cather 241) youth. He longs for his Kansas boyhood when he truly lived as a boy more aware of the important things in life. It's an insight with reference to the intense memory of his fallen friend Tom Outland, who has become a symbol of St. Peter's lost youth. His growing distaste for society and how his family is caught up in its materialism makes him long for that world he believed to be pure and whole as a young Kansas boy (Hilgart 388). These intense emotions bring him to an indifference to life so great he is willing to accept death. Throughout the entire story, we see St. Peter growing more and more detached from his family. His manner at family dinner parties is mute and passive. Lillian, the professor's wife, has an acute awareness of St. Peter's changing manner yet cannot place it's cause. She lectures him and he gives her the excuse he is merely tired for never "slight [ing] anything" (Cather 143) in his life. St. Peter at this point knows this is a disguise for what he is truly feeling. His problem is the change he sees in his family. This change is mainly due to the introduction of his daughters' husbands, most notably Marsellus. Marsellus, Rosamond's husband, is perhaps the main culprit to this change. His money causes vanity in Rosamond, which in turn evokes jealousy in Kathleen, St. Peter's other daughter. We see the professor's perplexity at Lillian's change in attitude around Marsellus. She becomes caught up in his glitter and excess. Lillian is attracted to his vivacity and eagerness which is an almo st an exact contradiction to St. Peter's somber attitude. He remembers his daughters as innocent girls, untainted by the world, and a wife who responded to his youthful exhilaration as she does now to Marsellus. To St. Peter, an unfamiliar family is formed by this change and he, constrained by his values, does not change with them. His uncertainty of them is seen when he tells Lillian the story of Euripides going to live alone in a cave by the sea because his house had not agreed with him. St. Peter says to this, "I wonder whether it was because he (Euripides) had observed women so closely all his life" (Cather 136). The change in St. Peter's family is disappointing to him. He is a man with high expectations, morals, and a sense of what is good in people. We see his family betraying all these traits with their fondness for society's empty glamour. St. Peter remembers, with pleasure, his innocent girls wildly in love with Tom Outland and his stories of the Southwest. These memories bring an intense emotion of nostalgia for pure and wholesome days. Again, the professor's disappointment is seen over the sparring over the patent money. It is this money that has been the root of change St. Peter has begun to abhor. In addition, Tom Outland's memory has been tainted by this money. The professor believes the money is a smear on the pure and spotless story of Outland. He rejects this wealth because he will not participate in allowing his memory of Tom to be "translated into the vulgar tongue" (Cather 50). Cather portrays St. Peter as an individual set in his ways and not willing to change. It is this stubbornness which refuses to allow him to become like his family. He sees them as wrong because of their new attitude. St. Peter depicts his family's imperfection as being cause for his solitude. But it is St. Peter unwillingness to change and adapt that is the root of his problems. Lillian tells him this when she says, "One must go on living, Godfrey. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-80618596732650821742020-03-16T18:31:00.001-07:002020-03-16T18:31:04.594-07:00Israels Right to Self-DefenseIsraels Right to Self-Defense Free Online Research Papers The present Article examines the legality of Israels military intervention in Lebanon in the summer of 2006 from a jus ad bellum perspective. More specifically, it examines whether Israel could lawfully invoke the right of self-defense, taking account of the factual circumstances, the justification given by Israel and the reaction of the international community. The Article focuses mainly on the controversy regarding the legality of self-defense against attacks by non-state actors. In this regard, it is noted that while the restrictions on this type of self-defense may have been eased in recent years, Israels intervention should not be considered a new precedent towards a broad right of self-defense against terrorist groups or other types of non-state actors. I. Introduction On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah militants attacked an Israeli military patrol, capturing two soldiers and killing three. Israel subsequently invoked the right of self-defense and engaged in military operations to retrieve the captured soldiers while carrying out air strikes against several targets in Lebanon, such as the Rafik Hariri International Airport in Beirut. The incident escalated in the following days, when aerial bombardments by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) were answered by a rainstorm of Katyusha rockets targeting Haifa and other cities in northern Israel. As the IDF crossed the Blue Line, the United Nations (U.N.)-monitored border demarcation between the two countries, Israeli troops and Hezbollah militants clashed in the worst fighting in southern Lebanon since 1982. For over a month the world held its breath until, finally, a frail ceasefire was put in place at the order of the U.N. Security Council on August 14, 2006. [FN1] In all, some 116 Israeli soldiers and 43 Isra eli civilians lost their lives between July 12, 2006 and August 14, 2006. On the Lebanese side, some 1,109 peoplemostly civilians were killed, as well as twenty-eight Lebanese soldiers. [FN2] Scores of people on both sides were injured or forced to flee their homes. The dramatic events of July and August 2006 raise important questions of jus ad bellum regarding the legality of self-defense in response to attacks by non-state actors. [FN3] Chief among these questions is whether state involvement in these attacks is needed to trigger Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, [FN4] which spells out the right of self-defense and, if so, what degree of state involvement is required. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has addressed this question in its advisory opinion on the legality of the ââ¬Å"Palestinian Wallâ⬠[FN5] and in its judgment in the Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dem. Rep. Congo v. Uganda), [FN6] but it has been notoriously unable to provide a coherent answer to this polemic, to the discontent of some of its judges. Legal scholars are highly divided on the topic, although a growing number of authors have suggested that the legal restrictions on self-defense *267 ought to be eased. [FN7] States, on the other hand, do not seem to stumble over these thorny questions. Indeed, as they did in response to the 9/11 attacks, many states supported Israels self-defense claim without further ado, notwithstanding the fact that many were critical of the disproportionate character of Israeli attacks and the heavy loss of civilian life on the Lebanese side. Against this background, the present Article assesses the merits of Israels invocation of Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Given the fact that the initial attack emanated from Hezbollah and not from the Lebanese government, it is hard to fit Israels recourse to force into the traditional legal parameters of self-defense. We will therefore not only examine the legality of Israels actions but also their significance for the development of jus ad bellum, taking into account the reaction of the international community. I start from the widely accepted premise that custom, constituted of state practice and opinio iuris, is crucial for the determination of the scope of the legal prohibition on the use of force. [FN8] Thus, Israels state practice in the present case will be tested against the opinio iuris expressed by Israel, Lebanon and numerous other states in the debates of the U.N. Security Council. [FN9] In the end, while the *268 international community generally affirmed the applicabi lity of the right of self-defense to Israels actions, I argue that this should not be interpreted as creating a broad legal right to exercise self-defense against attacks by non-state actors. Rather, given the circumstances in Lebanon, Article 9 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility (Draft Articles) [FN10] may provide an alternative route to legally justify Israels recourse to self-defense under Article 51, while leaving in place the need for a certain degree of state involvement in armed attacks. The present analysis does not address the legality of Israels actions under international humanitarian law, [FN11] nor does it deal with the parallel military action in the Gaza strip during the same period. Part II summarizes the events of July 12, 2006 as well as the responses of Israel, Lebanon and the wider international community. Part III examines whether the conditions for the recourse to self-defense were met and focuses in particular on the question of whether and to what extent ââ¬Å"armed attacksâ⬠require the involvement of a state to legally justify self-defense under Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Part IV contains concluding remarks. II. The Outbreak of Hostilities and Reaction of the International Community On the morning of July 12, 2006, Hezbollah fighters attacked an Israeli border patrol between the towns of Zarit and Shtula. [FN12] Making use of a ââ¬Å"dead zoneâ⬠in the border fence, not visible from any of the IDF outlook posts, they crossed the border and ambushed an Israeli patrol with a combination of pre-positioned explosives and anti-tank missiles. Simultaneously, Hezbollah also launched a diversionary attack, firing Katyusha rockets and mortars at Israeli military positions and border villages. The latter attack wounded five civilians. In the ambush itself, three Israeli soldiers were killed, two were wounded and two were abducted. The IDF responded with artillery fire, air strikes, and a naval bombardment. Moreover, in its first military ground operation in *269 southern Lebanon since the withdrawal of Israeli troops in 2000, the IDF summoned a mission to rescue the captured soldiers and engaged in fierce fighting with Hezbollah gunmen. Shortly after the Zarit-Shtula incident, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert made a statement in which he argued that the Hezbollah attack was ââ¬Å"not a terrorist attack, but the action of a sovereign state that attacked Israel for no reason and without provocation.â⬠[FN13] He pointed out that Hezbollah is a member of the Lebanese government, stressing that Lebanon was responsible for this ââ¬Å"act of war . . . on the sovereign territory . . . of the state of Israelâ⬠and would bear the consequences of its actions. [FN14] In accordance with the reporting obligation of Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, Israel submitted a letter to the Security Council, stating that ââ¬Å"[r]esponsibility for this belligerent act lies with the Government of Lebanon, from whose territory these acts have been launched into Israel. Responsibility also lies with the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Syrian Arab Republic, which support and embrace those who carried out this at tack.â⬠[FN15] The statement denounced the ââ¬Å"ineptitude and inactionâ⬠of the Government of Lebanon to exercise its jurisdiction over its own territory, despite calls thereto in several Security Council resolutions. The statement goes on to reiterate that Israel ââ¬Å"reserves the right to . . . exercise its right of self-defense when an armed attack is launched against a Member of the United Nations.â⬠[FN16] To this end, it would take ââ¬Å"appropriate actions to secure the release of the kidnapped soldiers and bring an end to the shelling that terrorize[d] [its] citizens.â⬠[FN17] The next day, however, Lebanon called for an urgent meeting of the Security Council to discuss the crisis. [FN18] Lebanon declared that it was ââ¬Å"not aware of the events that occurred and are occurring on the international Lebanese borderâ⬠and did not endorse them. [FN19] Lebanon refuted responsibility for the actions of Hezbollah and strongly condemned ââ¬Å"the Israeli aggressions that targeted and are targeting the vital and civil Lebanese infrastructure.â⬠[FN20] *270 Israels actions against Lebanon were only discussed in the margin during the Security Council meeting of July 13, 2006, which instead focused on the situation in the Gaza strip at the time (a draft resolution was defeated due to a United States veto). [FN21] However, the next day the Council did convene to discuss the Israeli-Lebanese situation. [FN22] During the debate it became clear that most of the fifteen Council members supported Israels invocation of self-defense in principlethe United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Slovakia, Greece, France, Peru, and Argentina all referred to Israels right of self-defenseeven though they refrained from speaking out on Lebanons possible responsibility for the Hezbollah attacks. Only China and Qatar identified Israels response as ââ¬Å"armed aggressionâ⬠against Lebanon. [FN23] On the other hand, most Council members also showed sympathy for the Lebanese authorities and stressed the need for the Lebanese government to ex ercise full control over all of its territory. Virtually all Council members expressed concern at the targeting of civilians and civilian infrastructure in Lebanon and called for restraint, with several countries, such as Russia and France, expressly condemning the disproportionate nature of Israels campaign. [FN24] In the following days, Israels claim continued to receive implicit and explicit support from several corners, although often in combination with deep concern at the loss of civilian life. Thus, on July 16, 2006, the Group of Eight (G8), meeting in St. Petersburg, issued a declaration acknowledging Israels right to self-defense while calling for restraint. [FN25] Two days later, the U.S. Senate adopted a resolution ââ¬Å"[c]ondemning Hezbollah and Hamas and their state sponsors and supporting Israels exercise of its right to self-defense.â⬠[FN26] Likewise, Australian Prime Minister John Howard affirmed that Hezbollah had forced Israel into self-defense. [FN27] Even U.N. Secretary-General Annan, albeit highly critical of Israels excessive and disproportionate use of force, acknowledged Israels right to defend itself under Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. [FN28] The open debate in the Security Council of July 21, 2006 shows a similar picture. Notwithstanding deep concern or outright condemnation of the disproportionate use of force, a majority of participants agreed as a matter of principle that Israel had the right to defend itself against the attacks by Hezbollah. [FN29] This position was held by the United States, the twenty-five *271 member states of the European Union, Japan, Russia, Canada, Australia, Norway, Switzerland, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Guatemala, and Ghana. On the other hand, the twenty-two member League of Arab States [FN30] condemned the Israeli aggression, as did China, Iran, Cuba, and Venezuela. Other countries, such as India and Indonesia, condemned the disproportionate character of Israels action, without addressing the self-defense question. [FN31] Thus, it appears the international community steadily grew more critical of Israels use of force against Lebanon, especially after the killing of four U.N. peacekeepers in an Israeli artillery and aerial attack on July 25, 2006 [FN32] and the Qana massacre [FN33] of July 30, 2006 in which twenty-eight Lebanese civilians lost their lives. Still, a majority of states, including eleven out of fifteen Security Council members, backed the invocation of Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. [FN34] Let us now turn to the merits of the casus belli. A. Israels Self-defense Claim An examination of Israels self-defense claim can be broken down in three parts. First, we must establish whether the Zarit-Shtula incident qualifies as an ââ¬Å"armed attackâ⬠in the sense of the U.N. Charters Article 51 ratione materiae. This means that we must assess whether Hezbollahs acts were ââ¬Å"of such gravityâ⬠that they would qualify as an armed attack if they had been carried out by regular armed forces. Secondand this is the most difficult point to tackle from a legal perspectivewe must look into the Lebanese governments involvement in the activities of Hezbollah to verify whether the incident qualifies as an armed attack ratione personae. A third and final aspect concerns the necessity and proportionality of Israels response. A preliminary remark must be made. Several officials and media sources have questioned Israels motives in going to war against Lebanon. Some have suggested that Israel had long pre-planned its military campaign and was waiting to be provoked; others have pointed out that Israel pursued *272 wider goals than merely the return of its abducted soldiers. [FN35] Whether or not these suggestions are true is irrelevant from a jus ad bellum perspective. This follows from the Nicaragua case, where Nicaragua argued that the U.S. justification of self-defense merely served as a pretext for its contested activities. The Court rejected this argument, declaring that self-defense can be legally invoked if the appropriate conditions are met ââ¬Å"even though there may be possibility of an additional motive, one perhaps even more decisive.â⬠[FN36] Hence the answer: yes, self-defense may be a pretext, as long as the basic conditions are met. But were these conditions met on July 12, 2006? 1. Ratione Materiae Our first question concerns whether the ââ¬Å"scale and effectsâ⬠of the initial attack by Hezbollah were sufficient to trigger the right of self-defense. In the Nicaragua case, the ICJ famously distinguished between the ââ¬Å"most graveâ⬠forms of the use of force from other ââ¬Å"less graveâ⬠forms. [FN37] Only the former qualify as ââ¬Å"armed attacksâ⬠in the sense of Article 51. This is also evident from the ICJs reference to the Definition of Aggression, [FN38] adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1974, which the Court used as a yardstick to determine the existence of an armed attack. [FN39] Articles 2 and 3(g) of the Definition require that armed force be of sufficient gravity to constitute aggression. [FN40] As a result, a de minimis threshold has to be reached. An armed attack must involve at least a use of force producing (or liable to produce) serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties or considerable destruction of property. [FN41] Use of force below this threshold may well trigger a states right to take countermeasures, but it does not justify recourse to self-defense. On the other hand, a single incident such as the mining of a single vessel may be sufficient to bring into play the inherent right of self-defense. [FN42] Single incidents may also be ââ¬Å"accumulatedâ⬠so as to determine whether the threshold has been reached. [FN43] In Nicaragua, the ICJ excluded ââ¬Å"mere frontier incidentsâ⬠from the concept of ââ¬Å"armed attack.â⬠[FN44] Many scholars criticized this distinction as *273 artificial, arguing that some ââ¬Å"frontier incidentsâ⬠may be trivial, while others may be extremely grave. [FN45] However, the concept of frontier incidents may be useful to avoid escalation of minor incidents. It does not a priori rule out the possibility that trans-border incursions could singly or collectively amount to armed attacks. The ICJ did not provide much guidance to distinguish mere frontier incidents from armed attacks, but only referred in general terms to ââ¬Å"scale and effectsâ⬠and circumstances and motivations. [FN46] The implication seems to be, as Gray notes, that ââ¬Å"the Court would include within ââ¬Ëfrontier incidentââ¬â¢ episodes where there was no intent to carry out an armed attack, including accidental incursions and incidents where officials disobeyed orders.â ⬠[FN47] Given this understanding, the premeditated and well-organized character of the Hezbollah ambush, the ongoing nature of the abduction, combined with diversionary rocket attacks suggest that this was a deliberate ââ¬Å"armed attackâ⬠rather than a mere ââ¬Å"incident.â⬠Considering the serious consequences of the attackwhich included territorial intrusions, human casualties, and destruction of propertyone could argue that, even though it was a relatively small-scale event, the ratione materiae criterion was fulfilled. The outcome of this analysis would be different if one were to follow the alternate version of the incident, proclaimed by the Lebanese police and later by Hezbollah. According to this version, the Israeli soldiers were captured when Hezbollah attacked an Israeli commando force trying to infiltrate the village of Ayta ash-Shab, well inside Lebanese territory. [FN48] This account seems somewhat at odds with the apparently premeditated nature of Hezbollahs attac k. [FN49] All major news agencies, including Al Jazeera, as well as the European Union and the G8, have characterized the abduction as a ââ¬Å"cross-borderâ⬠attack. Likewise, the report of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) states that Hezbollah ââ¬Å"crossed the Blue Line into Israel and attacked an IDF patrol,â⬠[FN50] and Security Council Resolution 1701 speaks of ââ¬Å"Hezbollahs attack on Israel.â⬠[FN51] Therefore, we see that the answer to the question posed at the start of this section is that the attack by Hezbollah was sufficient to trigger the right to self-defense. *274 2. Ratione Personae The ratione personae aspect is more difficult to assess. The problem is that considerable controversy exists as to when attacks carried out by non-state actors qualify as ââ¬Å"armed attacksâ⬠in the sense of Article 51. The text of the Article does not explicitly restrict the scope of ââ¬Å"armed attacksâ⬠to acts of state agents, yet it has traditionally been interpreted in this way. [FN52] Thus, the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee long ago declared that ââ¬Å"the words ââ¬Ëarmed attackââ¬â¢ clearly do not mean an incident created by an irresponsible group of individuals, but rather an attack by one state upon another.â⬠[FN53] On the other hand, literature also suggests that self-defense can be exercised against attacks by non-state actors when there is a certain degree of state involvement in the attacks, a situation which is sometimes labeled ââ¬Å"indirect military aggression.â⬠[FN54] In addressing this controversy, the International Court of Justice has applied the reasoning of Article 3(g) of the Definition of Aggression, which was taken to reflect customary international law. Thus, the Court extended the notion of ââ¬Å"armed attackâ⬠to ââ¬Å"the sending by or on behalf of a state of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to (inter alia) an actual armed attack conducted by regular forces, or its substantial involvement therein.â⬠[FN55] Nevertheless, the application and interpretation of this phrase has become increasingly contested. This is a consequence of evolutions in state practice, recent resolutions adopted by the Security Council, and, last but not least, subsequent ICJ jurisprudence. As a result, there are currently three broad lines of reasoning. [FN56] On the one hand, some argue that self-defense can only be exercised when attacks by non-state actors can be imputed to a State in accordance with established rules on state responsibility. On the other extreme, some argue that state involvement has become irrelevant and that one should only look at the gravity of the attack to determine the appropriateness of self-defense. In between, a third position claims that state involvement remains a precondition albeit under a lower threshold than that of state responsibility. Hereafter, we will examine these positions in the context of the Israeli-Lebanese conflict. It is argued that Israels actions fail to meet th e ratione personae threshold, not only if one sticks to the general rules on state *275 responsibility, but also when a somewhat lower state involvement standard is adopted. Subsequently, an alternative route is suggested to act against states failing to prevent cross-border attacks by non-state actors by falling back on a somewhat neglected rule of state responsibility, dealing with conduct carried out in the absence or default of official authorities. i. State responsibility As mentioned above, the ICJ in the Nicaragua case used Article 3(g) of the Definition of Aggression as a yardstick for the legality of self-defense against attacks by non-state actors. This article refers to the ââ¬Å"sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State . . . or its substantial involvement therein.â⬠[FN57] Although the wording ââ¬Å"sending by or on behalf ofâ⬠seems to imply agency, the additional reference to ââ¬Å"substantial involvement thereinâ⬠suggests that this yardstickwhich the Court held to be part of the primary rules of the jus ad bellumis not necessarily identical to the secondary rules concerning state responsibility, but may actually be broader. Indeed, the phrase ââ¬Å"substantial involvementâ⬠was the result of long debates regarding the degree of state involvement needed to establish ââ¬Å"aggression.â⬠[FN58] Some delegations w anted to include ââ¬Å"support,â⬠ââ¬Å"acquiescence,â⬠and ââ¬Å"encouragement of organizationâ⬠of armed bands. Others wanted to reserve ââ¬Å"aggressionâ⬠to cases of ââ¬Å"open and active participation.â⬠[FN59] The implication of the Courts reference to Article 3(g) therefore seems to be that self-defense may go beyond situations where attacks by non-state actors are imputable to a state and also covers situations where a state is ââ¬Å"substantially involvedâ⬠in their activities. At the same time, however, the ICJ took a narrow view of such involvement and discarded the idea that ââ¬Å"the provision of weapons or logistical or other supportâ⬠could amount to an armed attack. [FN60] Although the giving of sanctuary to non-state actors did not arise on the facts in Nicaragua, it is assumed that the Court implicitly rejected that acquiescence or the inability to control armed bands operating on a states territory could constitute an arme d attack. [FN61] In the end, the Courts narrow interpretation seemed to de facto limit self-defense to attacks that are actually attributable to states. This position was heavily attacked by Judge Schwebel and Judge Jennings as well as by several scholars. Judge Jennings, for example, pointed out that, ââ¬Å"it becomes difficult to understand what it is, short of direct attack by a states own forces, that may not be done apparently without a lawful response in the form of . . . self-defence.â⬠[FN62] *276 If ever there was a gap between the Courts interpretation of Article 3(g) of the Definition of Aggression and the rules on state responsibility, it seems to have been closed in two recent ICJ cases. Thus, in the Palestinian Wall advisory opinion, the Court stated that Article 51 U.N. Charter recognized, ââ¬Å"the existence of an inherent right of self-defense in the case of armed attack by one State against another State.â⬠[FN63] Since Israel had not claimed that the attacks it suffered were in fact ââ¬Å"imputable to a foreign state,â⬠the right of self-defense could not be invoked to justify the building of the ââ¬Å"Palestinian Wall.â⬠[FN64] And in DRC v. Uganda, the Court invoked the wording of Article 3(g) Definition of Aggression, albeit dropping the reference to ââ¬Å"substantial involvement.â⬠[FN65] The Court seemed to follow the view that the deplorable attacks against Uganda by armed groups acting from Congolese territory were due to the Demo cratic Republic of the Congos (DRC) inability to control events along its border and concluded that the attacks were ââ¬Å"not attributableâ⬠to the DRC. Given the absence of state responsibility, the preconditions for the exercise of self-defense were deemed absent, meaning that the Court ââ¬Å"did not need to enquireâ⬠whether Ugandas actions had abided by the standards of proportionality and necessity. Given the jurisprudence of the ICJ, it is little wonder that Israel traveled the road least contested and invoked state responsibility. Indeed, while reporting to the Security Council, Israel took the position that Lebanon was responsible for Hezbollahs attack and that, as a result, this was not a terrorist attack, but rather the action of a sovereign state. [FN66] If this were true, then there would be no doubt that Israel could lawfully invoke Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. However, one would first need to demonstrate that Hezbollahs actions could be attributed to the Lebanese government in accordance with the stringent rules on state responsibility, enshrined in the International Law Commissions authoritative Draft Articles on State Responsibility. [FN67] In principle, Draft Article 4 limits state responsibility to acts carried out by state organs exercising legislative, executive, judicial or other functions, as long as they are acting in their official capacity. [FN68] Draft Article 7 makes clear that this also covers occasions where agents exceed their authority or contravene their instructions. In this context, Israel emphasized the fact that Hezbollah is part of the Lebanese government. [FN69] Hezbollah has indeed participated as a political party in Lebanese elections since 1992 and at the time of the crisis it held fourteen seats in the 128-member Parliament. It was, *277 moreover, a minority partner in the Cabinet, where it held two minister posts (Energy and Water, and Labour). It had also endorsed a third Cabinet position, namely that of Fawzi Salloukh, minister for Foreign Affairs. Nevertheless, to conclude from this participation that the July 12 attack was carried out by state agents is not acceptable. The mere fact that Hezbollah held two minister posts obviously does not imply that all Hezbollah militants would become state agents. This might be different if Hezbollah were leading the government, as Hamas did at the time in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. In such a situation, one could argue that the military wing of Hezbollah would become an extension of the governments security apparatus, implying that its actions would be imputable in the sense of Draft Article 4. Yet, in the present context, Draft Article 4 does not apply. This means that we have to look at the exceptions to the rule that states are only responsible for acts of their organs. Three main exceptions exist. The first two are laid down in Draft Article 8, according to which the conduct of a person or a group of persons shall be considered an act of a state if the person or group of persons is in fact acting on the specific instructions of the state or is under the direction or control of the state in carrying out the conduct. [FN70] With regard to the latter exception, the ICJ suggested that the litmus test is the existence of ââ¬Å"effectiveâ⬠control or direction. [FN71] The third exception deals with situations where a state explicitly acknowledges and adopts conduct by non-state actors as its own (Draft Article 11; both requirements have to be fulfilled cumulatively). This situation surfaced in the Tehran case where the ICJ held that the Iranian policy of placing pressure upon the United States by not ending the hostage-crisis in the U.S. embassy and various Iranian authorities compliance with this policy transformed the occupation of the U.S. embassy into acts of Iran. [FN72] None of these exceptions apply in the present situation. As the Secretary-General remarked, it was clear that the Lebanese government had no advanced knowledge of the attack. [FN73] The Lebanese government immediately distanced itself from Hezbollahs attack and informed the Security Council that it was not aware of the events and did not endorse them. [FN74] Moreover, whereas Israel accused Iran and Syria of ââ¬Å"supporting and embracingâ⬠those who carried out the attack, it did not accuse Lebanon of supporting Hezbollah, let alone of ââ¬Å"effectively controllingâ⬠Hezbollah. Instead, Israel merely spoke of Lebanons ââ¬Å"ineptitude and inactionâ⬠in exercising jurisdiction over its own territory, blaming the government for not implementing Security Council Resolution *278 1559. [FN75] The latter resolution had called for the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Lebanon as well as the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias. [FN76] I t had partially been implemented as a result of the withdrawal of most Syrian forces from Lebanese territory. [FN77] However, the Lebanese government had failed to dismantle Hezbollah, thus allowing the country to become a ââ¬Å"hotbed of violence and a cesspool of terrorism.â⬠[FN78] Israel argued that it was compelled to act ââ¬Å"not against Lebanon, but against the monster that Lebanon had allowed to hold it hostage.â⬠[FN79] Like virtually all U.N. Members during the Security Council debates of July 14 and 31, Israel supported the position that the Lebanese government should extend its sovereign jurisdiction over the whole of its territory, a position that formed the basis for Resolution 1701. [FN80] In other words, the Lebanese government was not seen as the problem, but as part of the solution. Now that we have established that the July 12 attack was not imputable to the Lebanese government in the sense of Draft Articles 4, 8 or 11, does this mean that self-defense was excluded in the present context? If one adheres to the proposition that the exercise of self-defense against attacks by non-state actors requires state responsibility, the answer would at first sight be affirmative. However, the latter position is increasingly criticized for rendering self-defense against attacks by non-state actors virtually always impossible. [FN81] First, it is highly unlikely that a state would explicitly acknowledge an attack and adopt it as its own in the sense of Draft Article 11, knowing that doing so would make it the possible target of a counterattack. Second, in most situations of alleged ââ¬Å"indirect military aggression,â⬠states are involved by indirectly providing assistance, training, financial and logistical support, rather than by giving specific instructions or exerc ising effective control over attacks. In such circumstances, a state sponsor commits an internationally wrongful act. For example, the Declaration on Friendly Relations proclaims that ââ¬Å"no state shall organize, assist, foment, finance, incite or tolerate subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another state, or interfere in civil strife in another state.â⬠[FN82] Nonetheless, the state victim of an attack by non-state actors would only be allowed to resort to peaceful countermeasures. The state supporting the attack would effectively be shielded from the use of military force. *279 In an age where terrorism is universally recognized as one of the most serious threats to international peace and security, [FN83] a strict insistence on the need for state responsibility seems untenable. Such a position has also been challenged by several judges of the ICJ. In relation to the Palestinian Wall advisory opinion, for example, Judge Kooijmans, Judge Buergenthal, and Judge Higgins all emphasized that nothing in the text of Article 51 stipulates that self-defense is available only when an armed attack is made by a state. [FN84] Both Judge Kooijmans and Judge Buergenthal suggested that Security Council Resolutions 1368 and 1373 marked a new approach to self-defense, regretting that the Court had by-passed these new elements. [FN85] Judge Higgins has written separately to reiterate her earlier criticism of the Courts reliance on the Definition of Aggression in the context of the Nicaragua case. [FN86] Criticism had grown stronger by the time of the DRC v. Uganda case, where the role of irregular forces was at the heart of the dispute. Several judges regretted that the Court had not taken the opportunity ââ¬Å"to clarify the state of the law on a highly controversial matter, marked by great controversy and confusionnot the least because it was the Court itself that ha[d] substantially contributed to this confusion by its Nicaragua judgment. . . .â⬠[FN87] Judge Kooijmans and Judge Simma were mainly concerned with a phenomenon ââ¬Å"which in present-day international relations has unfortunately become as familiar as terrorism,â⬠namely the almost complete absence of government authority in the whole or part of the territory of a state. [FN88] Both suggested that in such circumstances one should only look at the scale and effects of an attack to determine the applicability of Article 51. Judge Koroma, on the other hand, argued that a states ââ¬Å"massive support for arme d groups, including deliberately allowing them access to its territoryâ⬠could be characterized as an ââ¬Å"armed attack.â⬠[FN89] Finally, Judge ad hoc Kateka rejected the idea that ââ¬Å"the provision of arms, coupled with ââ¬Ëlogistical and other supportâ⬠ââ¬â¢ could not qualify as an armed attack. [FN90] These separate and dissenting opinions acquire a particular meaning if we look at recent evolutions in state practice and opinio iuris. Here we notice a trend of abandoning the need for state imputability in two different scenarios, namely cases where a state supports the activities of non-state actors and cases where a state is unable to prevent non-state actors from carrying out attacks. Research Papers on Israel's Right to Self-DefenseTwilight of the UAWCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThree Concepts of Psychodynamic Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-14126106885516117322020-02-29T08:58:00.001-08:002020-02-29T08:58:02.607-08:00Analysis of the Film Psycho The movie Psycho is a story about a woman named Jaine Leigh named Marion Crane. The movie starts with a bedroom scene where Marion starts talking about her future with her lover Sam. After a short encounter with Sam, she returned to work and was exposed to $ 40,000 in cash. With such huge money, Marion ran away with money; this meant that she wanted to run away with Sam and they could start again. Along the way, she stopped at the motel, became the site of her murder, and is about to explore more sites. Alfred Hitchcock writes a journal article on the analysis of movie 'psychology'. This is argued as one of the great pictures as one of the psycho film's attractions. I will explain the specific technique Hitchcock used to give the audience a sense of tension and create a suspense. With low budget, very basic special effects, black and white photography, Alfred Hitchcock 's psychology still overcome pending issues and competed with today' s big hit. For many years many people have begu n to believe that despite myriad scientific research, psychodynamic concepts and treatments are not as effective as other treatments. However, in Shedler (2010), as the misunderstanding of the concept of psychodynamics and the ineffectiveness of treatment was retirement of a graduate medical institution to train non-doctors and non-doctors, mainly due to dislike of mental health professionals I assert that. Take a disqualified position Alfred Hitchcock 's psychology directed movie analysis psychology (1960) is based on Robert Bloch novel of the same name. The film is overseen by Hollywood legend Alfred Hitchcock. The script is written by Joseph Stephano and is based on real crime of serial killer Ed Gein. Movie stars Janet Rey, Anthony Perkins, John Gavin and Vera Meyers. This film has been nominated for four academic awards and is widely recognized as one of Hitchcock's best films. It produced two sequels, Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock. One of the operational themes presented to audie nces at Psycho is the opposite of good and evil. This can be seen in various roles through movies. You can also get an example from a conflict in a role. Some contradictions, how the characters deal with them, and how each other shapes the structure of the movie. The concept of characters that audiences receive depends on various people throughout the film. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-9588123048162051502020-02-13T01:44:00.001-08:002020-02-13T01:44:02.464-08:00Business process management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsBusiness process management - Essay Example At this stage it is also essential to establish a good infrastructure to achieve the goals. The charter should carry all information such as roles and responsibilities should be defined, and the expected outcome clarified. Six Sigma lays emphasis on the customer expectations and how their expectations should be met. The emphasis on customer is the most attractive feature of Six Sigma methodology. At the definition stage these five factors are taken care of - Supplier, Input, Process, Output, and Customer (SIPOC). B. Measure ââ¬â According to George Eckes, three measurement principles must be adhered to ââ¬â a. Measure only what is important to the customer b. Only measure process outputs that can be improved. c. Refrain from measuring an output for which there is no record of customer dissatisfaction. Thus, in this phase relevant data is collected and the various metrics are prepared based on the data. The important aspects of the current aspects have to be measured. To make the measurement of the process efficient and effective, the Six Sigma team has to ensure that the input is measured after which the process as well as customer satisfaction should be measured. C. Analyze ââ¬â in this phase the defects are analyzed which helps to establish the ââ¬Å"Cause & Effectâ⬠relationship. ... close ââ¬â through data collected identify the most critical factors that causes deviation D. Improve ââ¬â The data from the metrics and analysis conducted in the earlier phases is used here. Better techniques are utilized in this phase which helps eliminate the root cause of the defects. The Six Sigma team during this phase is guided by their prioritized list which reveals which improvement can lead to the largest change. E. Control ââ¬â during this phase continuous control and monitoring of process improvement is done which helps in planning for future products and services with zero defects. In the manufacturing sector the production lines have to be constantly evaluated. With constant vigilance throughout the supply chain, it is possible to achieve 99.73% defect free parts. This is a costly process as it requires statistical tools to monitor and keep control. 2. Obstacles and challenges of the Six Sigma method The Six Sigma method has its own strengths but also enjoys certain challenges. 1. Issues in strategy The critics of Six Sigma contend that it is not a new technique or a principle but simply the old methods have been repackaged and a new term given to it. Many do not consider it an important strategy that should be implemented. This enhances the importance of trying to evaluate the strengths and weakness of the Six Sigma methodology so that organizations can take an informed decision about the utilization of the Six Sigma principles, tools and concepts. 2. Organizational culture Implementation of Six Sigma calls for a change in the organizational culture that supports quality in planning. Thus, organizations must have a clear understanding of the obstacles without which the methodology may fail. 3. Issues in training Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-40809556406101012712020-02-01T03:13:00.001-08:002020-02-01T03:13:02.533-08:00The film Machuca, by Andrs Wood, explores a series of social relations CourseworkThe film Machuca, by Andrs Wood, explores a series of social relations in Chile in 1973, ranging from inter- personal, familial, community, political organizations, and the Chilean nation - Coursework Example While Gonzalo belongs to an upper class family, Pedro belongs to a lower class poor family. But the egalitarian enthusiasm of the school priests and fathers leads them to grant scholarship to a few lower class boys so that they can attend school. This moment marks the beginning of a deep friendship between Gonzalo and Pedro, which the director has skillfully employed to construct the later plot of the story in a way that the theme of social classes and the political conditions of Chile become apparent. Then follows an appropriately paced sequence of scenes that delves the audience into the setting of the film: the Chile of 1973. Here onwards, the story unfolds to demonstrate the social, economic, and political conditions of the 1970s Chile through the lens of these two boys. ââ¬Å"Class antagonismâ⬠, as identified by Martin-Cabrera and Voionmaa (2007), is an evident element of the film which is established quite early. The social experiment carried out by Father McEnroe allows children from shanty towns to obtain scholarship into the private English school run by him. As a result, poor lower class students get to study with their rich upper class counterparts. Gonzalo is among those who belong to the upper class living in a rich household whereas Pedro is a poor boy who lives in the shanty towns nearby. This social experiment allows the two polar classes to attend school together thereby bringing both sides to the extremes of the life they live. In a symbolic way, the social experiment closely resembles a real experiment reflecting the socialist, egalitarian policies of the government led by Salvador Allende. In Machuca (2007), as the new development of the experiment takes place the slum boys are mixed with elite bourgeoisie boys. However, the ex periment does not initially seem to be successful as the two antagonistic classes have a hard time integrating and assimilating with the Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-38433574899752803572020-01-23T23:37:00.001-08:002020-01-23T23:37:02.451-08:00Hydrogen Essays -- essays research papers Hydrogen Hydrogen is a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas. Hydrogen is found in group 1 and period 1 on the periodic table. Hydrogen is classified as a nonmetal on the periodic table. The symbol for hydrogen is represented by an H, its atomic number is 1, and its atomic weight is 1.0079. The hydrogen atom consists of one proton, which has a positive charge, and one electron, which has a negative charge. The term hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water-former. Henry Cavendish, an English scientist, discovered it in 1766. Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The sun and many other stars consist of mostly hydrogen. It is the third most abundant element on earth. It is estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. Hydrogen plays an important part in powering the universe though both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle. Hydrogen occurs in almost all organic comp ounds. Many of the compounds found in plant and animal tissues are organic. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Some of the methods that hydrogen is prepared by are steam on heated carbon, decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum, or displacement from acids by certain metals. Hydrogen may be condensed to a liquid that boils at -257.87à °C and freezes at -259.14à °C. Hydrogen ... Hydrogen Essays -- essays research papers Hydrogen Hydrogen is a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas. Hydrogen is found in group 1 and period 1 on the periodic table. Hydrogen is classified as a nonmetal on the periodic table. The symbol for hydrogen is represented by an H, its atomic number is 1, and its atomic weight is 1.0079. The hydrogen atom consists of one proton, which has a positive charge, and one electron, which has a negative charge. The term hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water-former. Henry Cavendish, an English scientist, discovered it in 1766. Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The sun and many other stars consist of mostly hydrogen. It is the third most abundant element on earth. It is estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. Hydrogen plays an important part in powering the universe though both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle. Hydrogen occurs in almost all organic comp ounds. Many of the compounds found in plant and animal tissues are organic. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Some of the methods that hydrogen is prepared by are steam on heated carbon, decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum, or displacement from acids by certain metals. Hydrogen may be condensed to a liquid that boils at -257.87à °C and freezes at -259.14à °C. Hydrogen ... Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-44243243786884665072020-01-15T19:59:00.001-08:002020-01-15T19:59:02.965-08:00Universal Children’s DayUniversal Childrenââ¬â¢s Day The United Nations' (UN) Universal Children's Day, which was established in 1954, is celebrated on November 20 each year to promote international togetherness and awareness among children worldwide. UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, promotes and coordinates this special day, which also works towards improving children's welfare. What do people do? Many schools and other educational institutions make a special effort to inform children of their rights according to the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Teachers stimulate their pupils to think about the differences between themselves and others and explain the idea of ââ¬Å"rightsâ⬠. In countries where the rights of children are generally well-respected, teachers may draw attention to situations in countries where this is not the case. In some areas UNICEF holds events to draw particular attention to children's rights. These may be to stim ulate interest in the media around the world or to start nationwide campaigns, for instance on the importance of immunizations or breastfeeding.Many countries, including Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, hold Universal Children's Day events on November 20 to mark the anniversaries of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, other countries hold events on different dates, such as the fourth Wednesday in October (Australia) and November 14 (India). Universal Children's Day is not observed in the United States, although a similar observance, National Child's Day, is held on the first Sunday in June. Public life Universal Children's Day is a global observance and not a public holiday.Survey Saturday, Nov. 20, is Universal Childrenââ¬â¢s Day, as declared by the United Nations, and a new survey of children illuminates the wants and needs of kids living in poverty. Theà Small Voices, Big Dreamsà survey questioned ch ildren ages 10 to 12 in 30 countries throughout Africa, Asia and the Americas. Conducted byà ChildFund Alliance, which is comprised of global child development organizations, the survey found that one in three children goes to bed hungry at least once a week; more than 25% spend half of every day working, including household chores and other work but not counting school or homework.Importance It was established in 1954 to protect children working long hours in dangerous circumstances and allow all children access to an education. Theà UN General Assemblyà recommended that all countries should establish a Universal Children's Day on an ââ¬Å"appropriateâ⬠day. Celebration Children's Dayà is celebrated on various days in many places around the world, Ecuador, Czech Republic, Albania, Armenia, Angola, Mongolia, Ukraine, Vietnam celebrate it on June 1 Sweden, Sri Lanka, El Salvador, Guatemala celebrate it on October 1 Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-46455220975277610182020-01-07T16:22:00.001-08:002020-01-07T16:22:04.270-08:00Essay on bob dylan - 528 Words Imagine: Everyday thousands of people get killed in a war no-one asked for. Friends and family are send to a horrible place with little chance youââ¬â¢ll ever see them again. This war, a useless and disgusting war started without any reasons and only goes on because the leaders of your country are too proud to make it end. For millions of American citizens this nightmare became truth. In 1964 the American president Johnson started sending soldiers to Vietnam. At the end of the war in 1972, it is estimated that, in total, over 2,5 million people on both sides were killed. As the war continued, the American people got more and more unsatisfied and angry at their government. They wanted the war to stop, it had been going on long enough and tooâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦One of the songs he wrote, was ââ¬Å"Blowinââ¬â¢ in the Windâ⬠. This song was written in 1962, when the war had not yet started, but was used, a couple years later, as a protest song against the war. ââ¬Å"Blowinââ¬â¢ in the Windâ⬠starts with a couple of questions: How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man? Yes, n how many seas must a white dove sail Before she sleeps in the sand? Yes, n how many times must the cannon balls fly Before theyre forever banned? He asks the first couple of questions so he can put the last question, the one that has to do with war, in the same row, as if there is no difference between them. The answer then is: The answer, my friend, is blowin in the wind, The answer is blowin in the wind. This practically means he does not know the answers, and he is quite sure no-one does. The rest of the song is alike: the last question is a question that attacks the government and the answer stays the same (The answer, my friend, is blowin in the wind, The answer is blowin in the wind.) With this song Bob Dylan wants the government to realize that they are acting nuts. With rhetorical questions he tries to send his message, his call for freedom, to the president and his followers. He questions all human behaviour. This theme was very present in the sixties and in the time of the Vietnam war. I think it worksShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Bob Dylan1536 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Life of Bob Dylan Bob Dylan is often considered to be one of the greatest and most influential musicians of all time. He has released 36 albums, and has amassed a huge following of music lovers. His songs have ranged from poetic folk songs that discuss social issues of the 1960s, to covers of very famous songs recorded with his own stylistic twist. He was one of the first rock artists whose lyrics were considered to be on par with works of literature (1)He has also been one of the only artistsRead MoreBob Dylan And The Sixties1214 Words à |à 5 PagesBob Dylan played a vital role in the sixties counter-culture. His lyrics fueled the rebellious youth in America. Songs such as ââ¬Å"Blowinââ¬â¢ in the Windâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Times are A-Changinâ⬠made him favorable to anti-war demonstrators and supporters of the Civil Rights movement. He was commonly referred to as the spokesman for his generation. Dylan used lyrics to empower the youth to find their own form of counter-culture. The youth generation began to see the effects racism had on society and the violenceRead MoreBob Dylan Essay1153 Words à |à 5 Pagesin this time of adversity. A young Bob Dylan arises to the spotlight and sings songs speaking of protest and originality, expressing societal dissatisfaction felt by not only himself but by his entire generation. In the 1960s Dylan wrote many protest songs that people of his generation found themselves connecting to, leading way to a counterculture aside from popular music which also paved a way for introspective song writing. Born in Minnesota in 1941, Bob Dylan, then Robert Allen Zimmerman, befriendedRead MoreEssay on Bob Dylan1273 Words à |à 6 PagesOne of the leaders of this revolution was Robert Allen Zimmerman, known by his popular assumed name, Bob Dylan. Born in 1941 in Minnesota, Dylan grew up the grandchild of Jewish-Russian immigrants and had a surprisingly unexceptional childhood. His interest in music became evident in his high school years when he taught himself basic piano and guitar. From these rudimentary skills Dylan would build his knowledge and experience in music to his present status as a forefather of folk musicRead More Bob Dylan Essay3671 Words à |à 15 PagesBob Dylan When I was fifteen and I heard Like a Rolling Stone, I heard a guy like Ive never heard before or since. A guy that had the guts to take on the whole world and make me feel like I had em too... - Bruce Springsteen The Grammy Awards ceremony in 1991 was not all that different from those which preceded it. A crowded auditorium littered with the beautiful people of Hollywood and the music industry once again gathered in Los Angeles to honor the years most popular recordingRead MoreThe Beatles And Bob Dylan905 Words à |à 4 Pagescreate new music that they would not have thought of before. In various ways, Britain and America have influenced and inspired one another for many years. Music was, and still is, a huge connecting factor between the two countries. The Beatles and Bob Dylan, two of the most famous artists of all time, demonstrate how Britain and America had a profound influence on each countryââ¬â¢s music culture. In the beginning of American history, America was heavily influenced by Britain because it was considered theRead MoreBob Dylan: A Legend Essay1041 Words à |à 5 PagesBob Dylan: A Legend An artist inoculates his world with disillusionment, said the infamous writer, Henry Miller. Robert Allen Zimmerman, grandchild of Welsh-Jewish immigrants, was born on May 24, 1941 in Hibbing, Minnesota, near Duluth. About fifteen years later, he took on the name Bob Dylan unknowingly stamping himself and his name in folk music history forever. Dylan began writing poetry and song lyrics at a young age and came to the name of Bob Dylan afterRead MoreWhen Thinking Of Bob Dylan1210 Words à |à 5 PagesDeven Fiandaca English IV Mr. Wormwood Period 4 When thinking of Bob Dylan, two immediate things come to mind. First off, and most obvious, Mr. Dylan is known for his nasally voice. This seems to be the first topic of discussion when Bobs name comes up. Secondly, and more importantly, Bob is known for his talent of song writing, unlike many other artists in today s world, bob tells a story with all of his songs. Many of his songs are over 5 minutes long, for those who don t know much about musicRead MoreEssay about Bob Dylan1588 Words à |à 7 Pagesââ¬Å"The song has to be of a certain quality for me to singâ⬠¦One aspect it would have to have is that it didnââ¬â¢t repeat itselfâ⬠(Bob Dylan). Transforming into new people throughout his life, Bob Dylan reverted to the Bible and other religious findings in his songs. Dylan is able to reveal a fulfillment from spirituality as he perceives his music as a sacred landscape. Bob Dylan brings up a theme of religion, referencing the book of Isaiah in his 1967 song ââ¬Å"All Along the Watchtowerâ⬠as he writes a storyRead MoreEssay bob dylan972 Words à |à 4 Pages The Hurricane nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bob Dylanââ¬â¢s song, The Hurricane, brings to surface several of the themes covered in class this semester. The song explores general themes like community and responsibility, while also focusing on many of the sub-themes, such as justice and injustice, appearance and reality, and loyalty and abandonment. Throughout the song, the main characters constantly battle with the above themes in attempt to frame an innocent man. While the song brings up many Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-60606728908472742252019-12-30T12:48:00.001-08:002019-12-30T12:48:02.736-08:00The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) - 1178 Words The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a 12-nation Asian-Pacific trade agreement that seeks to increase economic integration among participating nations by lowering barriers to trade, improving trade facilitation and enhancing standards harmonization. Upon completion, the TPP trade area would comprise a region with $28 trillion in economic output, making up around 39 percent of the worldââ¬â¢s total output. If the TPP is successfully implemented, tariffs will be removed on almost $2 trillion in goods and services exchanged between the signatory countries. In this blog we look at some questions about the TPP and how it affects imports and exports for countries along the Pacific Rim. This blog post was written by Benjamin Burstein, summer intern at the AAFA (American Apparel and Footwear Association) and son of Mark Burstein, NGCââ¬â¢s president of sales, marketing and RD. Which countries are involved in the TPP? The United States is currently negotiating the TPP with 11 other countries including Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. How long has the TPP been in discussion? In 2005, New Zealand, Chile, Singapore and Brunei began negotiations to engage in an unprecedented trans-pacific free trade agreement, known as the P4 (Pacific 4). In February 2008, President Bush announced that the United States would enter the P4 discussion. Over the next couple of years Peru, Australia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Canada, Mexico andShow MoreRelatedThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1349 Words à |à 6 Pages Introduction Passed in October 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the largest free trade agreement (FTA) to date, comprising nearly 40% of the worldââ¬â¢s economy. Countries including the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, South Korea and Mexico, among others share a common economic characteristic of a gross domestic production exceeding 1 trillion dollars annually. Other developing pacific countries included within the TPP include Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, Singapore, Chile, BruneiRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )758 Words à |à 4 PagesOctober, 2015 Position Paper The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim countries concerning a variety of matters of economic policy, about which agreement was reached on 5 October 2015. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership) In 22 September 2008, United State of America joined the agreement. Since then, new countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru and Vietnam also joined the TPP, bringing the total number ofRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1473 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed trade agreement between several countries who border the Pacific Ocean, parties to the agreement include: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam. While the main objective of the TPP is to lower barriers to trade, namely by slashing existing tariffs on commonly traded goods, the TPP also addresses environmental conce rns, labor rights, and intellectual property protectionRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )844 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a controversial agreement between 12 of the world s most powerful countries. This partnership is set to change history not just for America but for the world. The partnership has it eyes set on a cornucopia of issues from: Intellectual Property rights, and tariffs, to collective bargaining rights, and access to affordable medicines. All of these certainly great issues that America and the world face. The Trans Pacific Partnership is a partnership that doesRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) Essay1639 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an economic free trade agreement currently being negotiated between New Zealand and 11 other Pacific Rim nations (Wyber Perry, 2013). It seeks to reduce trade restrictions including tariffs, create shared guidelines for intellectual property rights, sa nction codes for environmental and labour regulations, and create an investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system (Fergusson, McMinimy Williams, 2015). The implications of the TPP are immense, encompassingRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1499 Words à |à 6 Pagesyears of negotiation, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was finally signed on February 4, 2016. As a large range of goods and services will be affected, countries have to consider both pros and cons of the agreement. For Vietnam, despite possible detriments due to IP protection, externalities, the partnership is generally beneficial as it significantly boosts Vietnamââ¬â¢s major export industries and increases the countriesââ¬â¢ GDP in a short amount of time. Trans-Pacific Partnership is considered one ofRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1590 Words à |à 7 Pages2) What are main themes or sectors that are negotiated in the Trans-Pacific Partnership, that are more prone to be subject to industrial groupsââ¬â¢ vested interests, and what are ones more prone to be affected by political positioning? Create a table, and justify your distribution of ââ¬Å"affectedâ⬠themes or sectors, or aspects by reviewing various readings. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an extensive, proposed trade agreement that ââ¬Å"would strengthen ties between Asia and the Americas, create aRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )896 Words à |à 4 Pagesoccurs across state and international lines making the worldââ¬â¢s citizens better off. Free trade is crucial to this improvement in well-being. Unfortunately, all current presidential candidates are against free trade. In particular, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP,) a massive multilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA,) is facing strong opposition. Economists frequently cite the benefits of trade and the importance of free trade between nations. In this fashion, many FTAs have been made in recent historyRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1401 Words à |à 6 Pagesand the society of the pledged countries. Until recently, the U.S. initiated, the Trans-Pacific partnership (TPP), a global trade agreement that will impose stricter provisions on the labor issues such as workplace safety, labor issue, and labor dispute to the pledged countries. Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Singapore are 4 of the 11 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries who pledged in this TPP agreement and thus will be benefited from the elimination of taxes and tariffs onRead MoreThe Problematic Partnership Of The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )2425 Words à |à 10 PagesThe Problematic Partnership Brewing since 2006, a revolutionary free trade agreement has been held under discussion by twelve of the Pacific Rim countries, including the United States, Chile, and Australia (Friel, Sharon, Gleeson, Thow, Labonte, Stuckler, Kay, and Snowdon 1). This agreement is known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), and while it shows potential to be a decisive economic deal, there exist outstanding issues. Of these issues are unjust intellectual rights laws, hindrance of the Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-82107548560133053992019-12-22T08:36:00.001-08:002019-12-22T08:36:03.749-08:00Biomedical Example - 861 Words Biomedical Example Erika Steinebach 1/10/2016 Beryl Keegan HCS 335 Biomedical Example In 1995 Mickey Mantle received a liver transplant due to a failing liver caused by hepatitis and cirrhosis. He was a Baseball Hall of Fame center fielder for the New York Yankees. Even though the usual waiting period for a liver transplant in the United States is about 130 days, Mickey Mantle only had to wait two for the hospital to find an organ donor for him. It took only two days for the Baylor Medical Centerââ¬â¢s transplant team to find an organ donor for the 63-year-old former baseball hero. According to the Southwest Organ Bank, Mantle was moved ahead of others on the list because of his deteriorating medical condition. But, many peopleâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Everyone should have to go through the proper channels and be approved to be placed on the transplant list. Then, they should have to wait until it is their turn to receive the donated organ. The only time that someone should be moved up on the list is if their condition rapidly deteriorates o ver the course of a couple of days and it is absolutely medically necessary to give them the organ first. That would be the only acceptable way that I could see someone being moved up on the list and I have heard of this happening before. On the other hand, I can also see why they would want the system to make exceptions for real heroes. But, when I say real heroes I mean real heroes and not celebrities that people consider their heroes. Heroes mean service men and women of the military, law enforcement officers, fire fighters, etc. Heroes should be considered people who fight to help protect the people around them, not someone who gets paid to be in the public or on TV. That to me is not a real hero. But yes, if we are talking about the heroes I listed above, I do believe that in an emergency situation they should be moved to the top of the list if the organ that is needed is readily available for them to have transplanted right away. But, they should also look at the patientââ¬â ¢s medical history and note any complications thatShow MoreRelatedThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness Essay examples1047 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness The most dominant theory in Modern Western medicine of health and illness, held by many official health practitioners such as doctors, consultants, and surgeons has been labelled the biomedical approach or by some as the biomechanical model. The biomedical model presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the bodys workings. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. It works on the theory that ifRead MoreThe Importance Of The Biopsychosocial Approach : Treating Diabetes1498 Words à |à 6 PagesCollege Professor Cashin October 6, 2017 Abstract: For many years the biomedical approach has been the gold standard in healthcare, but this approach lacks many important factors. While the biomedical approach takes into consideration the biologic aspect of a disease, it fails to address the importance of psychological and social factors when treating a patient. This paper compares the biomedical approach to the biopsychosocial model in healthcare, specifically in regards to diabetesRead MoreA Career in Biomedical Engineering Essay1879 Words à |à 8 PagesMany great inventions have been made through research in biomedical engineering, for example, genetic engineering, cloning, and insulin. 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Several experiments have successfully used embryonic Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-56490806868567008892019-12-14T05:06:00.001-08:002019-12-14T05:06:03.096-08:00Little Ice Age Free Essays Europe had experienced a general cooling of the climate between years 1150 and 1460 and a very cold climate between 1560 and 1850. This event came to be known as the ââ¬Å"Little Ice Age. â⬠This cold weather had impact on agriculture, health, economics, emigration, and art and literature . We will write a custom essay sample on Little Ice Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term ââ¬Å"Little Ice Ageâ⬠was named by Francois Matthes in 1939 to describe the most destructive climate drop in Europe. This ice age was consisted of mountain glaciers which brought temperatures as low as 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Numerous people got sick and some were even killed and starved to death because of a famine.Farms and villages were lost due to the cold weather. It is unknown on what caused this ââ¬Å"Little Ice Age. â⬠We do know that this event impacted the people living in Europe. Many people have spotted out that the sunspot activity during this time period was low. This rare occurrence of sunspots triggered a cold sun, also the many volcanic eruptions which then turned into an ice age. Imagine the fog hugging the ocean waters, cold winds coming in from the north, no horizon, no boundary between the sea and sky, land is frozen, and there you are gazing at a futureless world.Although ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠was not a true ice age because it didnââ¬â¢t last long enough to cause ice sheets to grow larger, but it did change the daily life in Europe. At the conclusion of the Medieval Warm Period, the ice age made Iceland and Greenland attractive colonies for many Europeans to emigrate to due to the lack of food and cold temperatures. Even schools of cod, fish were forced out into the western Atlantic Ocean due to the frigid water temperature. Pilgrims followed the cod down the coast of North America settling on Cape Cod.Population increased in Europe during the warm period which left a large amount of people starving and dying during the first year of ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Age,â⬠due to famine. Rain was harsh during this time, it drenched the farmlands. To overcome this dilemma, farmers had plowed soils with long furrows, creating fields that absorbed large amounts of rain without doing much drainage problems. After it was cleared the land became a muddy wilderness. The crops were flattened where they grew. Europeans needed to find a new way to rely on food. One way in particular, was tree bark was made into bread.No longer were they able to rely on crops due to the flooded and frozen grounds. The frozen conditions led farmers to lose their cattle, hunters could no longer hunt for food, and fisherman could no longer fish for food. Villages of people subcommed to the famine. The famine outbreak occurred between the years of 1315-1317 where over 25 million people died from famine or famine related diseases. One in particular known as Black Death. Many of the hungry were also killed by famine diarrhea. This condition was resulted from bad nutrition and changes in the intestines that upset the water and salt balance in the body.The people of Europe were forced to eat the flesh of dead animals as part of their survival. The hungry would abandon their homes and villages and go to hospitals and sometimes even crowded prisons just to survive. In doing so, the large majority of people also brought on many other infectious diseases. People huddled together for warmth. When people died their clothes, including their underwear, were passed on to other people. When these people left their homes they only left with what they wore on their backs. In addition to the impact ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠had on human survival, it had a large impact on economics.Increasing grain prices with lower wine production greatly affected the income of many. Property values and loss of taxes were at a decline . Population was increasingly declining due to the famine. With all these factors many of the people suffered much hardship. The lack of production in Europe caused other countries to have bidding wars against one another for cargos of food and imports. ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Age,â⬠caused many people to flee Europe in search of better living habitats and survival strategies. This ice age not only affected humans, but also the wildlife and everything around it.The plants enzymes are failing them and their roots are struggling to find a way through the frozen soil. These plants canââ¬â¢t grow and maintain themselves in these conditions. Pollination is nearly impossible during this time. The plants arenââ¬â¢t able to give off much oxygen into the atmosphere, which we breathe in. The true impact of ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠began around 1600 and lasted until the 1800ââ¬â¢s. During that time in Europe is when it was at its height. It was considered to be the most significant climate event of the last millennium.Only until recently have climatologist discovered research of climate conditions in historical times. As stated before, no one is quite sure how ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠evolved. Climatologist and historians have had many discussions on what they think was the main cause of the ice age. Today they are able to determine the yearly average temperatures, rainfalls, volcanic activity, and the effect of the sun during that period . What we know is that the sun experienced a ââ¬Å"quietâ⬠period, meaning its intensity was not that strong. Therefore, a cooling occurred.Sunspots which determine the suns strength were noted to be in decline. Volcanic activity is to be another known source of the cause. As the volcanoes erupted they shot out particles and gases into the air. With these gases floating in the air it led to an event called the aerosol effect. This had reduced the amount of heat by reflecting it back into space. Europe was not able to get direct sunlight so temperatures dropped. An unscientific way that climatologists were able to determine how extreme the temperatures were and how frigid the air felt was through art.They were also able to determine through these paintings when the colder air was beginning to lift. An interesting fact regarding the ice age is the paintings that were done during that time. Artists depicted people wearing warm winter clothes, all bundled up, and landscapes were covered in snow and ice. The theme of the paintings ended once the climate was starting to get warmer. A man once had studied more than 12,000 paintings in 41 art museums in the United States and 8 European countries to test if this hypothesis was true; that these paintings would accurately reveal the climate.He looked at the color of the clouds and sky in these paintings. By doing this scientist were able to tell when ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠was at its peak and how cold it was then. The impact that ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠had on neighboring countries such as Greenland and Iceland were extremely dramatic. Greenland, prior to ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Age,â⬠was free of packed ice and Norse Settlements were well established in the region. During ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Age,â⬠as the temperatures changed and plummeted, Greenland suffered considerably. Increased hardship for families, animals, and agriculture, all do to the conditions ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Age,â⬠brought along. This included flooding and storminess. ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠caused major economic disruption throughout Europe. Ice covered seas made voyages extremely difficult. Settlements were either abandoned or died out when temperatures were at only 2 degrees. In the Norse Settlements, archeologists have discovered the clothing on the bodies of the buried to be in remarkably good shape due to the frozen grounds. Iceland was another country that suffered greatly. Since the fourteenth centaury Icelandââ¬â¢s major economic contributor has been exporting fish. Harsh winter temperatures made it nearly impossible to sustain this industry. Icelanders fished from open boats, not far from land, and tried to survive on local farming relatives that lived close to shore. With the population of 50,000 between the years of 1750-1758, 17,000 people died of hunger or disease. Irelandââ¬â¢s main source of income and stability in their country was the import and export of potatoes. Ireland had adopted the potato from America.Irish farm workers ate nothing else besides potatoes. Later on, the people of Ireland would suffer the worst due to the worst famine Ireland had ever experienced. We need to understand that the ice age has proven to have affected millions of people in the world and many countries. Starvation, hunger, crime, economic hardship, and settlements that were lost were all due to a period in time that we still donââ¬â¢t know too much about. What ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠did to many parts of Europe has, and will change the future events that will go on. Because of the ice age tree heights have been altered.Many trees have gone, so the ones that are left are not as big as they used to be. This means the people of Europe will have little supply of wood to be able to make things such as furniture and paper. The disappearance of animals will be affected. Many fish such as cod have traveled to different waters around the world. This lowers the population of fish in Europe which hurts fisherman, trade, business, and food supply. Also that many animals have died and decomposed into the ground, it leaves hunters empty handed with fur to use as clothing and trade.Europe also suffers agriculturally. The harvest supplies that were destroyed during the ice age have led Europe to a decline in crop production today, such as cotton. If warming trends continue in Europe, growing seasons will lengthen, and wine vineyards will be established again in England. Many people have questioned as to whether the ââ¬Å"Little Ice Ageâ⬠will happen again. For hundreds of years, scientists have been observing the sun, examining the sun spots, wondering if the ice age could happen again. The scientist are discussing that the number of sun spots should be increasing.Human made greenhouses that help release carbon dioxide is a major factor in keeping the atmosphere warm. In addition, the ocean plays a tremendous part in keeping the climate on track. If melting ice caps and glaciers off of Greenland flows into the Northern Atlantic, it will shut down the Gulf Stream, also known as the ââ¬Å"Great Conveyer. â⬠In this situation, the icy cold water would shut down the Gulf Stream, which now keeps Europe warm. Worst case scenario would be a full blown ice age or a period of harsh winters. Now, if the warming continues and keeps progressing on the right path, then the growing seasons in Europe will lengthen.This is important because the majority of European citizens depend on this to grow food that they need for the upcoming seasons. Farms will be cleared to be closer to the Arctic Circle. In this area the sun is visible through the summer and does not set. Farmers canââ¬â¢t stress enough about having sun on their farm. It is crucial in their growth of their crops. The people of Europe had come a long way to deal with this ice age. Some of the things that they did were to migrate to other countries, away from the cold temperatures, and build houses that were together so that they could keep warm and not disrupt their family relation.If we keep building greenhouse affects and burn fossil fuels, Europe may be able to recover fully and successfully. If ââ¬Å"The Little Ice Ageâ⬠has taught us anything, it is that climate change and weather are unpredictable, and we should always be prepared for any sudden shift in change. This was the Europeans story of how climate made history. http://science. jrank. org/pages/47813/Little-Ice-Age. html http://www. geocraft. com/WVFossils/ice_ages. html http://www. commondreams. org/views04/0130-11. htm How to cite Little Ice Age, Papers Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-15512655594815489612019-12-06T01:29:00.001-08:002019-12-06T01:29:04.590-08:00Structure and Features of CGCâââ‰â¢s New System Questions: 1. Discuss the criteria to consider in specifying the structure and features of CGCs new system. 2. Identify the data that should be incorporated into CGCs new system to provide adequate planning capability. Explain why each data item it is important and the level of detail needed for the data to be useful. Answers: Introduction CGC at present is a champion amongst the most hunt down after relationship by ethicalness of outsider gas suppliers. In like way, the weight on the relationship to go on the required measure of fundamental gas is vital. The affiliation has considered a strategy to get together to the making eagerness for the commonplace gas. In doing likewise, CGC has built up a point of confinement plant for the trademark gas that it gets from the affiliations that it has contracts with. The affiliations should store their gas in the farthest point that CGC has. The relationship along these lines give a specific volume of trademark gas on the first of September which the affiliation considers as their start of year. Regardless, the adherence to a solitary date gives a test to the affiliation that it doesn't permit it to figure the careful entire that it requires. The philosophy accordingly brings a hellfire up in the affiliation's number of totally the total it requires. The measures to contemplate in stipulating the structure and features of CGCs new system Division of Customers Quickly coming about to the usage of natural gas is never predicted that would stay tried and true, the customers require particular volumes of gas every year. If all else fails, it makes an immense partition in the full scale. The alliance has countered this issue by cutting down certain supplies (J. Pacua and cianowski, 2016). The connection has shut down operations in different front line and business places and plans to display their positive circumstances for the family division. The running with table is a representation of how much the connection is spilled over the particular ranges that it works in. Class Customers Sales in Cubic Feet Revenues Residential 160,000 80 billion $160 million Commercial 38,000 15 billion $ 25 million Industrial 2,000 50 billion $ 65 million Selling Priority At present, the relationship in like way has a total offer of 145 billion cubic feet and pay of $250 million. The alliance along these lines has an examined the general strategies in a year. The alliance has, notwithstanding, been not talented go on the required whole and along these lines drew in additional on the family department (Konrath, 2010). The near to gas customers are further divided into segments depending on their employments. The customers are given the choice of a standard delivery system or a crucial delivery system. The customers who have a utilization of under 50000 warm units would advantage the standard delivery system while those using more than that ought to use the fundamental delivery system. Developing supplementary choices While portraying the new system, it ought to be reviewed that the general system ought to be kept with a couple of minor changes. The advancement of a course of action must recall that the new system must figure a way to deal with oversee give each one of the customers from each one of the groupings with whatever they require. The customers ought to be given choice actuates if not unequivocally the same that is to be supplied. While the alliance is on an extremely fundamental level focused on the supply of natural gas, advancement of some other choice sources would not be risky to the connection (2011-12 estimates, 2012). The new system ought to likewise parcel the time range in a way that the association can pick the volume of gas that is required for a changed measure of time. Isolating the time explore presentation shorter areas would give the connection the by and large required control over the required volume. The statistics which should be merged into CGCs new system to deliver appropriate planning ability Statistics of the Distinct Volume Most importantly, the statistics that is required for the change of the new system would be the data as for the measure of volume of gas is used by each customer and that circuits both the range gas customers in addition the present day and business customers. This is, regardless, impossible by a format system as diagrams are not in light of current circumstances solid and the slants of the customers will without a doubt change after the study has happened. Along these lines, the system of finishing a study is not for the most part a remarkable measure for picking the volume of gas used by the customers (Hohmann and Holzmann, 2013). To pick this section, the customers ought to be pulled back, not by a system, yet rather by approaches, the customers should be outfitted with different arrangements according to their specific occupations. The division of game-plans would outfit the customers with the ability to pick an approach as appeared by their utilization and as necessities be, wou ld nearly give the association an unmistakable considered the measure of a customer under each strategy. The division of the customers would thusly outfit the association with the ability to plot the unmistakable measure of natural gas to be disengaged and picked up from the contracted affiliations (Faed, Hussain and Chang, 2013). The running with table is a sensible structure for the strategies that could be made with a particular finished objective to detach the customer base. Scheme Customers covered General Non-Heating Delivery Organizations that use natural gas only for handling commitments (Mao, 2014) General Heating Delivery Organizations using natural gas for the resolves of treating and space reheating Large Volume Delivery The Industries that ingest more than 300,000 thermos yearly Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Delivery The organizations that use natural gas for the manufacturing of compressed natural gas that would be used in CNG automobiles (Farzaneh-Gord et al., 2015) High Load Delivery Industries that ingest over 2,000,000 thermos yearly Industrial Delivery Industries that use natural gas all through the year for the manufacturing measures and other usages. Commercial Delivery Industries that use natural gas for cookery and other linked resolves (Smart, Gaisford and Basit, 2014). Large Volume Interruptible Delivery Industries that ingest more than 500,000 thermos usually The table demonstrates a portrayal of the impelled customers, in any case, there ought to be the system for the sales of the neighboring customers moreover. The system of the customers in such a way would give the connection the key data that is required with a particular last objective to empower a figuring of the measure of gas is to be required. Doing in like manner would make a free market movement adapt that would not end up being a weight on the alliance's central focuses. Division of Time Frame of Operations Current division of time frame The running with step would be the division of the time. The relationship at present uses the yearly game-plan to detail the getting system of the natural gas. The date is the first of September when the association gets the gas from the ten affiliations that it has a concurrence with (Samantaray, Kamwa and Joos, 2010). The affiliations ought to give the required measure of gas to CGC on the date and the gas is used for the year. In any case, this system is not particularly practical as the association can't ensure about the volume of gas to be used as a part of the center of this period. The connection ought to as necessities be pack the time into semi-dependably or quarterly or better still month to month divisions. Perfect circumstances of Divisions of time assignment into shorter areas The shorter time part would give the alliance the key considered what volume to buy according to the prerequisites (Snchez Martn, 2012). Keeping such a high measure of time for the decision of the volume can end up being shaky for the connection and as necessities be, the division of the time into more unassuming parts would give the alliance what it needs to focus on the asking for of the customers. The seeing of the customers would give alliance to a great degree required figures for the usage and credit cost. The connection can then keep purchasing the definite aggregate that they would require. The division of the time frame would enable the relationship to see the instance of usage (Dhayalan and Preethi, 2016). The instance of use in the latest month would outfit the association with a considered the aggregate to buy before the next month. Moreover, the expansion in customers would be less requesting to control for this circumstance. In perspective of yearly figuring, it is fund amentally more difficult to enroll the aggregate more gas is to be remote made remembering the final objective to fulfill the asking for of the new customers. In such a case, the use of even a specific customer exhibits an endless number. The closeness of such a wide volume will in fact make partitions of estimations that would influence the alliance. Regardless, when the time portion is isolated into smaller regions, it is less requesting to join the required volume of gas that ought to be obtained for supplying to the customers. A little detachment here and there can be controlled through different means. Subsequently, including new customers would be less requesting in this system. Use of the new time frame In the crucial system, customers are required to apply for the relationship of gas delivery and the supply begins basically after September 1. The clarification for this is the connection needs to outline the measure of customers that it gets one year from now (Coffe, 2015). The estimation then encounters a whimsical methodology that considers the standard usage of each customer. The connection then demands the undefined whole more than the past deals remembering the picking focus to supply to each customer. The system in this manner furthermore finishes a wide number of customers not measuring up with respect to the present circumstance for the affiliation inferable from the obstacle in getting the delivery. The procedure can be enhanced by taking after a philosophy of benefitting for a month to month supply. The connection can buy the required natural gas on a month to month premise from the suppliers and after that go on them in the process unraveling the estimation of the total m ore to demand next time (Martnez-Snchez, 2012). The system would attract more customers as the customers would basically need to apply the earlier month and the connection would be set up with their stipulated volume of natural gas the next month. The proximity of such a number would likewise empower a strategy that would not perform wastage of points of interest inducing a system that would outfit the association with the key volume that it needs to buy to fulfill the asking for the following month. Figure 1. Overhauling the system of Calculating Customers Regardless of the way that the connection uses particular allots to find the measure of customers that are required remembering the finished focus to pick the volume of gas to be picked up, there ought to be an adjustment meanwhile. Figuring the measure of customers is key at any rate it ought to be reviewed that it is deficient (Monir and Asif, 2014). The estimation ought to be more on a level that considers the volume of natural gas that is eaten up. Since CGC ways to deal with focus on the zone gas supply market, it ought to be looked into that such a business range gives a separating legit picture before the association. Fundamentally figuring the measure of customers does not give any idea in light of the route that in a family unit market, finding an ordinary measure of utilization is unprecedented (Plug, Ballard extend supply deal, to target NA forklift market, 2010). The necessities and use will surely changes in such a business part in a matter of months or even weeks. The c heck of a general use volume thusly ought to be brought into spot. Learning in matters of volume would thusly outfit the association with the most ideal approach to manage technique the total required in the running with session. Such a vigilant system may be more difficult to finish however there is no isolating choice to such a technique(Bajaj, Gill and Kumar, 2015). Figure 2. Conclusion CGC has been encountering an issue in the relationship of motivations behind interest inferable from its lacking estimation systems. For this condition, the redesign can be competent if there is an attainable procedure to screen the mindful level of offers and supply. The numbers for diagrams and supply ought not to be in a course number of clients but instead in an estimation of the volume. The system ought to, in any case, be streamlined. In doing in light of current circumstances, the system would be one where the clients are segregated. Division of the clients would furnish the relationship with the hugely required thought for setting their needs as appeared by the requesting of the client base. The report utilized three spots where the redesign could be fit checking on the last goal to keep up a concordance between the free market headway. The covered step is the depiction of the client base as appeared by their use and fields of use. The second step is to withdraw the time peri od in making orders. The third system is the alteration in the midst of the time spent picking use. Depiction of the clients gives the association the liberally required considered setting inclines. Division of the time task makes it less asking for the relationship to portray the measures for the figuring of the measure of requesting is to be made. Likewise, last walk would be an update of the arranging strategy. The present system is one where the measure of clients is the segment that is considered. Clearly maybe, there ought to be a system for the check of the volume that is required. The utilization of these three variables would give the affiliation the generously obliged capacity to change free market development and in the process direct assets sensibly. References 2011-12 estimates. (2012). [Ottawa?]: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Bajaj, N., Gill, J. and Kumar, R. (2015). An Approach for Similarity Matching and Comparison in Content based Image Retrieval System.IJIEEB, 7(5), pp.48-54. Coffe, H. (2015). Time use among New Zealand Members of Parliament.Time Society. Dhayalan, D. and Preethi, R. (2016). Overcoming Circumstances Caused by Jammer Using Time Interval / Sampling Method.International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science. Faed, A., Hussain, O. and Chang, E. (2013). A methodology to map customer complaints and measure customer satisfaction and loyalty.SOCA, 8(1), pp.33-53. Farzaneh-Gord, M., Niazmand, A., Deymi-Dashtebayaz, M. and Rahbari, H. (2015). Effects of natural gas compositions on CNG (compressed natural gas) reciprocating compressors performance.Energy, 90, pp.1152-1162. Konrath, J. (2010).Snap selling. New York: Portfolio. Hohmann, D. and Holzmann, H. (2013). Semiparametric location mixtures with distinct components.Statistics, 47(2), pp.348-362. Pacua, A. and cianowski, J. (2016). Terpenes As Green Starting Materials For New Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds.Current Green Chemistry, 3(1), pp.36-50. Mao, K. (2014). Heating Coil and Delivery Pipe Design of Asphalt Heating Equipment.AMM, 635-637, pp.52-55. Martnez-Snchez, F. (2012). TIME TO MARKET AND IMPATIENT CUSTOMERS.Bulletin of Economic Research, 65(2), pp.194-202. Monir, A. and Asif, I. (2014). Grooming those microfinance fails to accommodate in: System needs major overhauling.African Journal of Business Management, 8(12), pp.393-440. Plug, Ballard extend supply deal, to target NA forklift market. (2010).Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2010(8), p.3. Samantaray, S., Kamwa, I. and Joos, G. (2010). Ensemble decision trees for phasor measurement unit-based wide-area security assessment in the operations time frame.IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 4(12), p.1334. Snchez Martn, F. (2012). The smallest divisions of time: terminological and lexicographical aspects.Verba Hispanica, 20(1), p.325. Smart, A., Gaisford, S. and Basit, A. (2014). Oral peptide and protein delivery: intestinal obstacles and commercial prospects.Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 11(8), pp.1323-1335. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-8991899541532214482019-11-28T21:24:00.001-08:002019-11-28T21:24:03.964-08:00The Allegory of Plato an Example byThe Allegory of Plato: The Distinction between Reality and Illusion Plato is one of the most relevant figures in philosophy. He has been a great influence to all the other philosophers who emerged after him. His works are mostly in the form of a dialogue, allowing readers to easily understand his philosophy. One of the most recognized texts attributed to Plato is the Allegory of the Cave, which conveys an important element of his philosophy through a conversation with Glaucon. Through the allegory, Plato tries to illustrate the difference between how illusion and reality is perceived by people. Need essay sample on "The Allegory of Plato: The Distinction between Reality and Illusion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed An allegory is that which represents something apart from itself. Therefore, the Allegory of the Cave by Plato is more than just a story. It conveys a message beyond the given instances indicated in the text. It actually illustrates one of the most integral aspects of Platos philosophy. In the allegory, Plato tries to distinguish between enlightenment and ignorance of humanity (Plato 79). He gives out a specific scenario, one which includes prisoners in a cave. Plato describes this cave as one which has an entrance that allows sunlight to come into the cave. Inside the cave, there are prisoners who have been there since their youth. Their legs and necks are bound, forcing them to only look ahead. The prisoners could see through a curtain wall which is also found inside the cave. Somewhere high above, there is a fire (Plato 79). The fire creates shadows of those people which move behind the curtain walls, shadows that the prisoners can see. Because of their bondage, these shadows are the only things that the prisoners can see. Plato gives another scenario. One of the prisoners is freed from the condition he was trapped in since he was a child (Plato 80). For the first time, this allows him to see for himself the fire and the objects behind the shadows. Initially, he is blinded by the light; afterwards, his eyes adjust in time to see the outside world (Plato 80). Plato presents yet another scenario. The freed prisoner goes back to the cave (Plato 81). This time, he is blinded by the darkness; his exposure to the light made him this way. In the instance that he was to discriminate against the darkness, the other prisoners would consider him crazy (Plato 81). They would not understand him, as all they know are the shadows that they see. If the remaining prisoners in the cave can take a hold of the prisoner who has returned, the former would kill the latter. The Allegory of the Cave tries to illustrate how human limitations can blur the lines between reality and illusion. The allegory presents an analogy of how Plato perceives the limitation of man. The prisoners in the allegory represent humans. The prisoners have been bound since the beginning; their eyes have been limited to see only shadows. Because it is the only thing they see, it becomes reality for them. The objects behind the curtain wall represent reality, while the shadows are merely illusions. Under the given conditions, the prisoners consider the shadows as the real things. Humans are like the prisoners. The human body limits an individuals ability to determine between reality and illusion. From the beginning, a humans perception of reality is distorted by his sensory experiences. What is real for him is that which he has experienced from his senses, just as the shadows were considered reality by the prisoners. There is a resistance by the prisoners to embrace reality which can be found in the last scenario given by Plato. In the instance that a prisoner who had seen the outside world would return to the cave and tell the other prisoners the real story behind the shadows, he would be perceived as a fool and might even be killed in the process. The reason behind this is that only the freed prisoner is aware of the truth; everybody else is still bound to their ignorance. If the freed prisoner was to relay what he had seen to the others, the prisoners would not believe him. How can the prisoners believe his stories when all they can see are the shadows? The shadows are all they experience; it is the only reality available for them. To hear a testimony of another experience would surely be met with opposition. The knowledge of the freed prisoner would make him appear insane; the others would assume that the world beyond the cave has damaged his eyes (Plato 81). The so-called damage would then d iscourage the others from breaking free of their bondage and would render freedom from the cave as an unworthy endeavor (Plato 81). There is a reason why the remaining prisoners do not want to see the outside world. There is a reason why they do not want to know the truth. For most of their lives, the shadows have been reality for them. It is all they know as true. They have long held such perception that to do otherwise would be extremely difficult. When the freed prisoner tells them the truth, they are challenged. It is almost an insult for the prisoners to have their long held belief questioned. The prisoners do not want to know the truth because the experience would be similar to what the freed prisoner experienced. In the beginning, the freed prisoner was blinded by reality; it took time for his eyes to adjust to reality. For the remaining prisoners, to know the truth would also be a blinding experience. It will take a long time for them to break free from their illusions and adjust their eyes to reality. The cave is their comfort zone; there is much hesitation in their part to leave it for the outside world . This is the reason why the prisoners do not want to know the truth. They want to spare themselves from a blinding experience. In a way, the situation is similar to humans. Humans are bound to their sensory experiences and to the illusions that these experiences provide. However, the senses do not suffice in providing people an access to reality. Therefore, one must go beyond the senses and illusions to reach reality. The only way one can experience reality is through reason (Plato 82). In the allegory, the prisoner was only immersed in reality when he was free from the cave. Reality was only experienced by the prisoner when he went to the outside world and discovered the real story behind the shadows and reflections. In this case, humans can only experience reality through the use of reason. Plato believed that people can only grasp reality if reason was involved. People should not rely on their senses to know the truth; thinking is more important than using the senses. The importance of thinking is the reason why some people find it easier to retain their illusions. They mostly rely on their senses, even t hough it presents inaccurate information. Thinking would force them to go beyond what they thought is true; instead of their senses, they would have to resort to reason. The transition from senses to reason would be similar to the prisoners dilemma: the adjustment from darkness to light. Platos Allegory of the Cave is an illustration of the problematic distinction between reality and illusion. It represents how people can mistake illusion for reality given the limitations their bodies provide. In the allegory, the prisoners represent the people. Their sense of reality is false, as their eyes only allow them to accept illusion as the real thing. It is only when they can come out into the outside world they can they truly experience reality. For humans, the physical world only presents illusions. Their senses can grasp these illusions as reality. Plato believes that reason should be used to truly experience reality. Hence, the problem between reality and illusion can only be resolved through the use of reason. Work Cited Authors last name, authors first name. Title of the book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-80324745385654744472019-11-25T04:59:00.001-08:002019-11-25T04:59:02.891-08:00The Book Is Dead! Essay ExampleThe Book Is Dead! Essay Example The Book Is Dead! Essay The Book Is Dead! Essay Is this the death knell of one technology, that is Traditional Printing, and the subsequent rise of the next, Digital Media etc? Electronic books, or E-Books, are reportedly currently outselling traditional paper based books generally and newspaper circulation figures are in a long gradual decline. The standard Phone Book is already dead, as British Telecom no longer produce it in a printed format. Is print the place where words go to die? And yet last year the renowned online retailer Amazon announced that for the first time, it was selling more Kindle versions of books than paperback and hardbacks combined, and, here is something that does not get quoted quite so often, sales of print books were still increasing.[ CITATION Jen15 l 2057 ] Recent statistics seem to point to a decline in reading conventional books and other printed material and that technology is taking over in terms of encyclopaedias, dictionarys etc. In fact the renowned Oxford English Dictionary is now only available in print to special order, either in itââ¬â¢s full 20 volume set or as the compact single volume edition. The economics of traditional printing requires thousands of units to be sold in order to see a potential profit for the publishers. They are generally expensive to produce, take up a lot of space, they are not easily searchable, and they are not easily linkable. E-books and pdf ( Adobes Portable Document Format) versions of documents on the other hand are quite the opposite. They are generally very inexpensive to produce, usually in the few hundreds of pounds or less, they can be very quick to produce, and unlike traditional paper based books, they can be quickly searched through and items can be linked between one source and ano ther. In future will the printed book simply live on as art objects and as collectors items? Sherman young in his book entitled ââ¬ËThe Book Is Dead : Long Live the Bookââ¬â¢ states ââ¬Å"that physical books may one day become the Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-155832507326968172019-11-21T12:23:00.001-08:002019-11-21T12:23:03.173-08:00South to North Water Transfer Project Term PaperSouth to North Water Transfer Project - Term Paper Example Finally, with the advent of 20th century need for the development of this project was raised to its peak and hence South to North water transfer Project was first started in 2002and more than two routes of this project are being used to transfer water resources of south to north of the country. Scarcity of water has been a great issue in the region of china from centuries. History clearly depicts suffering of Chinese people in north regions and why this region remained undeveloped for long times; But, with the passage of time technology improved and population increased. This increase in population forced people to move to the outskirt areas with limited resources. Now people are living in north of China but were living miserable life due to scarce water resources. One major reason for this scarcity of water is that china is not connected to large water body from any of its sides other than frozen sea. The southern and eastern parts of china are greatly influenced by the monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. These winds are having high level of water content which causes extensive rain in china but these winds reach northern and eastern parts of china only when winds are strong and monsoon season is at its peak. During weak monsoon winds, only southern and eastern areas are getting rains and northern and eastern parts remain deprived of summer rains. This scarcity of water has resulted in the destruction of strong dynasties in china because it leads to extreme drought and economic crisis. In order to overcome this scarcity of water Government of China planned for grand engineering project of transferring south water resources to north by spreading an amazingly design canal system. It has been planned that at the end this grand project will be able to transfer 44.8bn cubic meters of water to north each year. This is Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-60395438986880404422019-11-20T13:52:00.001-08:002019-11-20T13:52:06.582-08:00HUman Rights(United Nations Declaration of Human Rightss 1948) EssayHUman Rights(United Nations Declaration of Human Rightss 1948) - Essay Example d surrounding nations are hotbeds of caste and religious discriminations whereas the USA and EU nations regularly discriminate on the basis color and gender. The USA operates an inhuman detention centre at the US naval base in Guantà ¡namo Bay, Cuba. In fact there is no nation in the world where all human beings are treated as equals. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. â⬠¦. According to special rapporteur of the UN Mr. Githu Muigai ââ¬Å"An estimated 250 million people around the world are at risk of violations of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights, including violence, marginalization and discriminationâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ This fact is applicable to all nations including the developed western societies and backward third world countries. Some governments go so far as to explicitly rationalize some forms of discrimination in the name of morals, religion, cultural equality or even national security.à Discrimination protected by law ââ¬â for example, where the law limits religious freedoms (the decision to ban headscarves in France) or refuses to recognize Indigenous Peoplesââ¬â¢ rights ( Aborigine mistreatment in Australia) effectively strips away human rights.( Discrimination, no date) In the United States, the consequence of the Bush administrations decision to fight terrorism without regard to the basic human rights is a gross violation of this article. Thousands have been detained without fair trial because they belong to a particular religion or region. France is guilty of Islam phobia and Xenophobia is a major issue in all western societies. The under developed nations of Africa are guilty of genocide, and every conceivable violation of basic rights, other nations specially in the Indian subcontinent are guilty of caste, religious and gender Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-38653628452545749772019-11-18T10:05:00.001-08:002019-11-18T10:05:04.652-08:00Literature review in E-commerce in saudi arabia AssignmentLiterature review in E-commerce in saudi arabia - Assignment Example Customer pressure will havelittleornothepreliminaryadoption of e-commerce by business. There is a strong support structure for electronic commerce I Saudi Arabia. The model shows that 81 percent of Saudi customerââ¬â¢ intendeds to continues hopping online and can be generalized across Riyadh .Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness directions can help to improve the models power of prediction and would be better than the original power. Analyze and demonstrates a relationship of the relevant factors that affect the internet customers in Saudi a Arabia and goes on to include a correlation of fundamental influence the trust of Saudi consumers in the electronic commerce, and the indicators of weaknesses and strengths, which influence the elements. And it goes on to show the indicators the weaknesses and strengths that affect these factors Identified eight main barriers to weak after sale support, fear of product un-arrival, unavailability of shipping in vendors websites, website language, no initial experience regarding online shopping, unavailable of house mailing address, payment system issues and high purchasing costs. - The whole research concerning e-commerce in Saudi Arabia was conducted by combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. The approach of mixed technique was applicable on the customersââ¬â¢ samples and retailers. - The study introduced a conceptual framework model, which aims at encouraging confidence in e-commerce retailing domain in Saudi Arabia is a tardy e-commerce adopter and the e-commerce development and is slow in progress in contrast to the leading and developed countries. The elements that influence the adoption of the decisions have been established, but there is limited empirical research that assesses the e-commerce adoption in developing nations in the Arab word such as Saudi Arabia. The study examined the perception of mobile phone users and their concerns Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-44924386603906788672019-11-15T22:37:00.001-08:002019-11-15T22:37:16.155-08:00Cultural Dependency TheoryCultural Dependency Theory Introduction: There are many reasons to examine the current situation of the world, where a lot of countries are underdeveloped or are developing, and a small portion of the world, which are the Western countries, are relatively rich and developed and rule over the under-developed and developing countries. In this essay, I discuss the Modernisation theory and the Cultural Dependency Theory, how they came into existence and what are their problems. Also, the contributions made by all the countries and trying to develop have not really helped them to a great extent. In this essay, I have also explained why this division is still present and the dependency of the Third World countries on the Western countries. At the end of the essay, I have given the pros and cons of both the theories. International Communication Theory: The Third world countries were highly inferred for development because of the cold war which divided the countries into Eastern countries and western countries. This lasted for more than 50 years. Most of the Third World Nations wanted to avoid the group of countries which had common interest in politics and they wanted to concentrate on getting their population out of the control of the other legal or political restrictions. Third world nations got their name during the cold war which is said to be given by Alfred Sauvy in 1952, who was the French Economic historian. The world was divided between the capitalist first world which was led by the United States, and the communist second world, which was headed by Moscow (Thussu, 2006). The Term Third world was given to the nations who were not included in above mentioned groups (Brandt Commission, 1981; South Commission, 1990) and Asia, Latin America and Africa started a movement of National Liberation. This changed the entire political maps of the world (Thussu, 2006). By 1960, a lot of countries were free from the colonial powers and these new independent states got an opportunity to develop because of International Communication (Thussu, 2006). The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was approved by the UN General Assembly and the UNCTAD, because, the Non-Aligned Movement started demanding fairness in the economy. NIEO had an independent and an egalitarian economic order which was grounded on the principles of equality and was government free which included that, all the members of the country had equal rights to participate in the development process (Thussu, 2006 cit. Hamelink, 1979: 145). The NIEO provided a structure which helped to understand the international relations between the countries based on North-South division. At the same time, New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) also had to be taken into consideration in order to link it with the economic order. The Non-Aligned countries demanded changes in the global economic and informational systems. Juan Somavia, 1976, observed that, The transnational Power structure supported the transnational communication system to develop. This is basically a tool for transmitting values and lifestyles to Third World Countries which provokes the consumption and society which is necessary to the transnational system as a whole. (Somavia, 1976: 16-17) There were a lot of times when the Third World or the developing countries took technical and financial help from the Western or the developed countries as they wanted to use the communication technologies for development. One of the main areas where the developing countries took support from the developed ones was the satellite television. Television was considered to be one of the most powerful and influential medium. It could be used for a lot of purposes like bringing change in the attitudes of the traditional people, educational purposes and modernise societies. Cultural Dependency Theory: Cultural Dependency Theory was emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s in Latin America. It was a criticism of the modernisation theory. This theory was developed in Latin America under the supervision of Raul Prebisch who was the director of United Nations Economic Commission. The main interest in research of Instituto Lationoamericano de Estudios (ILET) which was established in 1976 in Mexico City was to study the Transnational media business, which gave a force to criticise the modernisation theory.(Thussu, 2006) It became necessary to analyse international communication. So dependency theorists directed towards getting a substitute theoretical account (Baran, 1957; Gunder Frank, 1969; Amin 1976). Transnational Communication (TNCs) which was dominated by the North, have control over the governments and over developing countries by setting their personal rules and regulations on global trade which includes dominating labour, market, production and resources. These countries were developing in such a way that the developed countries keep dominating over the developing countries and maintained the need for the developing countries to be dependent on the developed countries (Thussu, 2006). Due to the neo-colonial relationship in which the TNCs controlled the exchange and structure of global markets, the inequality in the south had become wider and deeper whereas the TNCs had strengthened their control over the worlds natural and human resources (Baran, 1957; Mattlelart, 1979, Thussu, 2006). Dependency theorists tried to show the link between modernisation and policies of transnational media (Thussu, 2006). Herbert Schillers idea of cultural imperialism is the most clearly identified one (1969-92). Schiller analysed the links between the transnational business and the dominant states. (Thussu, 2006) The main argument of Schiller was about how the US based transnational corporations weaken the cultural liberty of the developing countries and force them to be dependent on both hardware and software of communication and media. The definition of cultural imperialism by Schiller was, the sum of the process by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to or even to promote, the values and structures of the dominant centre of the system (Schiller, 1976: 9) Schiller argued that new emergent American empire was taking over the European colonial empires like, British, French and Dutch. This was based on the economic, military and informational power. According to him, the US based TNCs are continuously growing and are starting to dominate the global economy. US business and military organisations have got a leading role in the development and control of a new, electronic based global communication system due to the support that economic growth has received from the communication knowledge (Thussu, 2006). USA had the most effective surveillance system as it controlled global satellite communications which was the crucial element in the cold war years (Thussu, 2006). Due to this the dependence on the US increased for communication Technology and investment (Schiller, 1969). All the western goods and services along with the American way of life were promoted when the media programs were imported from the USA which required sponsorship to run . This was a threat to the Southern traditional cultures (Schiller, 1969). He argued in his book, which was republished in 1992 that the domination over the worlds communication of the US increased after the UNESCO failed and the cold war got over. The domination of US over the economy had started decreasing as the TNCs started acquiring important role in international relations changing the cultural imperialism of US into Transnational corporate cultural domination (Schiller, 1992: 39) The other works which show the dominance of the US using cultural imperialism is clearly seen in the Hollywoods relationship with the European movie market (Guback, 1996); US exports television shows to Latin America and influences it greatly (Wells, 1972); Disney comic also have contributed in promoting capitalist values (Dorfan and Mattelart, 1975) and advertising industry has played a role of an ideological instrument (Ewen, 1976; Mattelart, 1991) (cited in Thussu, 2006: 48-49). Oliver Boyd-Barrett noticed one of the most prominent aspects of dependency in international communication in the 1970s as media imperialism. This examines the information and media inequalities between the nations. It analyses the domination of the US over the international media (Boyd-Barrett, 1977). Modernisation Theory: The concept of modernity has become a very general statement. It represents the experience of the western culture on the others. All the global cultures are disapproved to modernity and the concept of cultural imperialism critically evaluates the conclusions in the critique of modernity (Tomlinson, 1991). A philosophical notion in the years after the war was that international communication is an important part in order to modernise and develop the Third world nations. The notion was that international communication can be used to spread modernity among the newly independent countries and that it will help to transform the traditional societies of the developing countries. It was also used to transfer the hypothetical description of economic and political entity of the developed countries.Ãâà Modernisation theory is an attempt to provide a support for the development policies which was created by the western countries. These development policies were supported towards the Third world countries which were still getting out of the rule of the stronger countries and were getting independent. This theory is just an attempt to explain the economic under-development of the Third world nations by focusing on the development which can be done with a process which is determined by the societys internal features. Vincent Mosco points out: The Modernisation Theory was meant to reconstruct the international division of labour amalgamating the non-Western world into the emerging international structural hierarchy (1996: 121). Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel and Tonnies and others came up with their own theories keeping in mind the dramatic changes in the European societies due to the modern world. There was an agreement between the theorists which was based on the political spectrum and all of them thought that the world had more than one possible meaning in the capacity to deliver fulfilment and happiness. Modernity was associated with enlightenment and was suppose to free the people from the control of another person or any legal or political restrictions. But modernity failed to deliver complete freedom. Modernisation includes economic scientific and technical development that is very closely related to the capitalist market. But Bermans, in his book All that is solid melts into air talks about the notion of self development. The main aim of his book is to explain that cultural condition of modernity stood still and lapsed during the twentieth century. He also aims to fix the serious problem which was closely linked to the possibilities of dangers along with the enthusiasts and enemies of the modern life which was found during the nineteenth century. (Berman, 1983) According to the Frankfurt School theorists the main issue of modernity was the injustices by the capitalist system or social intolerance by a bigot or of the ideology of possessive individualism (Tomlinson, 1991). Horkheimer and Adorno critiqued the modernisation theory by comparing it with the so called rational institutions. The main task of modernisation theory is to set people free, but the history and past politics show that this theory failed to do their task effectively (Tomlinson, 1991). According the Berman, people living in the twentieth century do not know how to live a modern life and missed of broken the connection between the culture and lives. He describes modernisation as a set of historical processes due to which the experience of modernity evolves. He claims that modernity is one of the most difficult, anxious and uncertain place to live, but ultimately it is the world where people live and people can master the cultures of the place where they live. At one point of time, he mentions about the Third World nations and discusses that the governments of those countries are trying to protect their people from modernisation which is being imposed by the West. He says that if the culture which is being imposed by the west is really not used by the Third World nations then will they consume so much energy? The governments of the Third world nations call the West as aliens. But they do not understand the fact that they are their own peoples energies, desires and cr itical spirit. When these governments say that they do not want the Western Countries to impose any kind of cultures in their nations, they are trying to say that, they have managed to keep the political and spiritual influence on the people. Also they do not realise that once the people become more aware of things going around them, modernist spirit will be one of the first things to be adapted by the people. The governments of the Third World Nations are fighting against each other in order to keep their tradition alive among the people, which had no result at the end. He also says that Third world governments think that they are being enforced upon by the western countries by accumulating a lot of capital or are being forced to break into parts. He suggests that people have to adapt to a place in which nothing can be taken for granted. Media is just one form of medium which helps to spread the experience of modernity. But according to another theorist, Peter Berger, 1974, modernisation is not a one way journey which rectifies human self understanding. He explains this concept with the help of a story of a visitor who visited the villages of Tanzania. People living in these villages belonged to different Tribes but are now living very co-operatively. This was one of the communities which were transferring from tradition to modernity. The visitor asked someone; whether they still practice their personal tribal dances. The answer was, yes, and it is done once or twice a year on any special occasion. He also added that this is done so that it becomes easy for the people to understand one another better. (Berger, 1974).It is clearly seen that there is a process of political-economic which is enforced upon the Third world nations as they are very closely connected with their traditions and colonialism which has become a history for the Western nations and still are in a position to dominate over the Thi rd world nations (Tomlinson, 1991). Castoriadis, 1985, mentions that the West will continue to conquer the world even if it was going to be destroyed materially (Castoriadis, 1985). So when Berman says that the Third World cultures need to be modernised, he means not just in terms of objective structures of the capitalist markets, urbanism, but also in terms of a narrative with a clear beginning keeping in mind the cultures of the west. His view of modernity means that it is full of forces like the dynamic and development forces which means that the Western cultures are being imposed on the Third world nations in order to modernise and develop their countries. But Castoriadis has a different opinion. He accepts individuals have their own priorities and have their personal institutional forces towards modernity. The kind of institutions we develop in order to become powerful does not come from external forces of humanity but it comes from within through the social imaginary (Tomlinson, 1991). Habermass view on modernity is completely different from that of Bermans. Habermas thinks that modernity is a way of making someone poor culturally, whereas Berman thinks that there are forces which drive people towards modernity (Tomlinson, 1991). Cultural Dependency Theory v/s Modernisation Theory: The gap between the ruling and the working class increased which combined with regular recession to create dissatisfaction among the working class (McPhail, 2009). In order to fight for their rights, working class started forming groups such as unions (McPhail, 2009). Stevenson criticised this theory by using the dependency literature which was notable for an absence of clear definitions of fundamental terms like imperialism and an almost total lack of empirical evidence to support the arguments (Stevenson, 1988: 38). A lot of other theorists argued that it did not consider the media form and the role played by the audience (Thussu, 2006). Those involved in a cultural studies approach to the analysis of international communication argued that, like other cultural artefacts, media texts could be polysemic and were amenable to different interpretations by audiences who were not merely passive consumers, but active participants in the process of negotiating meaning (Fiske, 1987, cited in Thussu, 2006: 49). It was also noticed by the theorists that cultural imperialism thesis did not consider issues as how global media texts worked in national contexts, ignoring local patterns of media consumption (Thussu, 2006: 49). Cultural Dependency theory also failed to explain the effects of the cultural products distributed by the US around the world. Also, cultural imperialism failed to give attention to the complexities of the Third World cultures and assumed a hypodermic-needle model (Sreberny-Mohammadi, 1991, 1997). It was also argued that western scholars did not have deep knowledge about the Third world cultures. They had extremely limited knowledge and not being aware of diversities such as race, gender, class, religion and ethnicity. Very few systematic studies have been conducted by the southern scholars on cultural and ideological effects on western media on the audiences of the south (Thussu, 2006).One of the major issues of this theory was that it did not consider the role of the national elites, especially elites living in the developing countries (Thussu, 2006). Modernisation Theory had promised to deliver the social and economic change which failed miserably (McPhail, 2009). Therefore, three other theories were developed which looked at the development communication which were totally different and directed in a different way, which were, Cultural imperialism, Participatory communication and Entertainment-Education Theory (McPhail, 2009). Social and cultural theory does not agree with the core of modernity. Also this theory was criticised to a great degree because of its ideological basis, lack of clarity and it is a subject which is ignorant to many and it fails to exercise good judgement. This theory ignores the external determinants of underdevelopment like the exploitation of the Third world countries when they were being ruled by the Western countries. This theory ignores these factors and assumes that the Third World nations are progressing independently and are becoming modern on their own. In order for the Third world nations to progress they needed help from the Western countries as there was a lot of poverty, inadequate resources, lack of social provisions and political instability in the Third world nations. Modernisation Theory ignores all the disapprovals and expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context which was addressed by the classical theorists (Tomlinson, 1991). In this theory, the traditional cultures, media habits, language, religion of the developing countries were not included, and were totally ridiculed and ignored (McPhail, 2009). One of the clear criticisms on this theory is that the American policy was to commit to free flow the information to the world and all the nations fell into the trap and gave immense support to this statement which was assumed to be true (McPhail, 2009). Scholars from the developing countries argued that the developing countries were not the beneficiaries of this theory, which was meant for them, but the western countries who created it were only getting benefitted out of this theory as it helped the companies to grow and establish in the Third world and could find their new consumers of their products (Thussu, 2009). A lot of people in the Third World remained poor and under developed, even after adapting themselves to modernisation theory and by the mid 70s, they started talking about the passing of the dominant paradigm (Rogers, 1976: 3).Slowly, when the US realised that the Southern nations are looking at them with suspicion, they stopped their free flow of information and became the one at the receiving end which at the end became a one way flow of information (McPhail, 2009). This matter was going to be brought up in the debate of the UNESCO in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but the US president, Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher withdrew from UNESCO in order to protest against NWICO. Different opinions resulted in creating two streams, one of which was the outline of cultural imperialism by Herbert Schiller and the NWICO debate and fallout. This resulted in making a particular culture homogenous, that is the American popular culture, which is been mass produced (McPhail, 2009). Due to these reasons, the theorists of modernisation theory realised that this theory needs to be redeveloped (Thussu, 2006). The revised modernisation theory gives greater notice to the local elites (Thussu, 2006). But even in the revised version, western technology remains important. According to Thussu, 2006, Modernisation requires advanced telecommunication and computer infrastructure, preferably through the efficient private corporations, thus integrating the South into a globalized information economy (Thussu, 2006: 46) Despite of all the criticism done on dependency theory, cultural imperialism thesis have been extremely influential in international communication (Tomlinson, 1991; Thompson, 1995). This particular thesis was extremely important and needed during the heated argument during the NWICO debates in UNESCO and other international fora in the 1970s (Thussu, 2006). While criticising this thesis, John Thompson, 1995, concluded that this research is probably the only systematic and moderately plausible attempt, to think about the globalisation of communication and its impact on the modern world (Thompson, 1995: 173). Theorists, who defend this theory, argued that the critics of this theory often take the notion which is totally not in reference to the theory and it is completely abstract (Mattelart and Mattelart, 1998). There were a lot of changes in the debate of international communication which reflected the language of privatisation and liberalisation in the 1990s, media and cultural dependency theories became less eminent but their relevance was very visible all around (Golding and Harris, 1997; Thussu, 1998; Hackett and Zhao, 2005 and Hamm and Smandych, 2005 cited in Thussu, 2006: 50) Boyd-Barrett rightly argues that media imperialism has not included variables, such as gender, media relations and ethnic issues, so it is still a very useful theory to understand of what he terms the colonisation of communication space (Boyd-Barrett. 1998: 157). References: 1. Amin, S. (1976) Accumulation on a world scale: a critique of the theory of underdevelopment. New York: Monthly Review Press. 2. Baran, P. (1957) The political economy of growth. New York: Monthly Review Press. 3. Berman. M (1983) All that is solid melts into air: the experience of modernity. London, verso, pp. 15 4. Boyd-Barrett, O. (1977) Media Imperialism: towards an international framework for the analysis of media systems. In J.Curran, M. Gurevitch and J. Woolacott (eds), Mass Communication and society. London: Edward Arnold. 5. Boyd-Barrett, O. (1998) Media imperialism which was developed again. In. D. Thussu (ed.), Electronic empires. London: Arnold. 6. Brandt Commission (1981) North-South: a programme for survival. The report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues under the chairmanship of Willi Brandt, London: Pan Books. 7. Castoriadis, C. (1985) Reflections on rationality and development, thesis eleven, no. 10/11, pp. 21. 8. Golding, P. And Harris, P. (eds) (1997) The political economy of the media 2 vols, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 9. Gunder Frank, A. (1969) Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America. New York. Monthly Review Press. 10. Hackett, R. A and Zhao, Y. (eds) (2005) Democratizing global media: one world, many struggles. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. 11. Mattelart, A. (1979) Multinational corporations and the control of culture. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. 12. Mattelart, A. and Mattelart, M. (1998) Theories of communication: a short introduction. London: Sage. 13. McPhail, T. (2009) Development Communication Reframing the role of the media. London. Blackwell Publishing. 14. Mosco, V. (1996) The political economy of communication: rethinking and renewal. London: Sage. 15. Berger, P. (1974) Pyramids of sacrifice, Harmondsworth, Allen lane, pp. 197-8 16. Rogers, E. (1976) Communication and DevelopmentL the passing of a dominant paradigm. Communication Research, 3. 17. Schiller, H. (1969) Mass Communication and American Empire. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.Ãâà Ãâà Second revised and updated edition published by Westview Press in 1992. 18. Schiller, H. (1976) Communication and cultural domination. New York: International Arts and sciences press, 9. 19. Somavia, J. (1976) The Transnational Power Structure and International Information. Development Dialogue, 2:Ãâà 16-17. 20. South Commission (1990) The challenge of South: the report of the South Commission. Geneva: the South Centre. 21. Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1991) The global and the local in international communication. In J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds), Mass Media and Society. London: Edward Arnold. 22. Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1997) The many cultural phases of imperialism. In P. Golding and P. Harris (eds), Beyond cultural imperialism. London: Sage. 23. Stevenson, R. (1988) Communication, development and the Third World: the global politics of information. London: Longman. 38. 24. Thussu, D. K (ed.) (1998) Electronic empires: global media and local resistance. London: Arnold. 25. Thussu, D. K (2006) International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. 26. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 46. 27. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 48-49. 28. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 49. 29. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 50. 30. Thompson, J. (1995) The media and modernity: a social theory of the media. Cambridge: Polity. 31. Tomlinson, J. (1991) Cultural Imperialism- a critical introduction. Great Britain. Pinter Publishers Ltd. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-429589226882359634.post-47664729004654068702019-11-13T11:09:00.001-08:002019-11-13T11:09:02.535-08:00The Physics of a Diesel Engine Essay -- Energy Automobiles EssaysThe Physics of a Diesel Engine The world we live in is surrounded by diesel engines. They are on the freeways, railways, airways, and are one of the leading electricity producers in the world. They are also becoming more popular in automobiles. These engines are efficient and reliable and they are getting very sophisticated. However, the physics behind these engines has not changed. By way of definition, courtesy of Diesel Engine Engineering: [a] diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which the chemical energy of fuel is transformed into thermal energy of the cylinder charge, in consequence of the self-ignition and combustion of fuel in the engine cylinder after compression of the air charge in the cylinder (p1 Makartchouk). There are basically two types of diesel engines, two-stroke and four-stroke. In a two-stroke engine the piston is forced from the top of the cylinder by the expanding air fuel mixture. Before the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder the used mixture, (called exhaust), is forced out of the cylinder by the incoming fresh air. The fresh air relies upon a blower, air induction system, to propel it into the combustion chamber. During this time period the piston begins to travel to the top of the cylinder and compress the fresh air sufficient to raise the temperature in the combustion chamber, (area between the top of the cylinder and the cylinder head at top dead center), to 1000-1200 degrees Fahrenheit (p12 Dagel). The fuel is then injected under pressure into the combustion chamber, the air ignites the fuel and the gases begin to expand finishing one cycle. A four-stroke engine begins the same way as the two-stroke with the expanding gases pushing the piston downward, called the ... ...n chamber rises dramatically. The combined fuel and air molecules bounce off one another and since the path of least resistance is the piston, the piston moves downward creating mechanical work. Applying physics to something in everyday use creates a new appreciation for what actually happens when you step on the accelerator pedal or see a truck pulling 40,000 plus pounds up a steep incline. With even a basic study of physics my worldview has changed. I now look at that cold piece of cast iron sitting in an engine compartment on a molecular level. Works Cited Dagel, John F., and Robert N. Brady. Diesel Engine and Fuel System Repair. Ohio: Prentice Hall, 2002. Kirkpatrick, Larry D., and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics A World View. Florida: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. Makartchouk, Andrei. Diesel Engine Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2002. Lewis Hawkinshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13782884437964469902noreply@blogger.com0