The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) - 1178 Words

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a 12-nation Asian-Pacific trade agreement that seeks to increase economic integration among participating nations by lowering barriers to trade, improving trade facilitation and enhancing standards harmonization. Upon completion, the TPP trade area would comprise a region with $28 trillion in economic output, making up around 39 percent of the world’s total output. If the TPP is successfully implemented, tariffs will be removed on almost $2 trillion in goods and services exchanged between the signatory countries. In this blog we look at some questions about the TPP and how it affects imports and exports for countries along the Pacific Rim. This blog post was written by Benjamin Burstein, summer intern at the AAFA (American Apparel and Footwear Association) and son of Mark Burstein, NGC’s president of sales, marketing and RD. Which countries are involved in the TPP? The United States is currently negotiating the TPP with 11 other countries including Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. How long has the TPP been in discussion? In 2005, New Zealand, Chile, Singapore and Brunei began negotiations to engage in an unprecedented trans-pacific free trade agreement, known as the P4 (Pacific 4). In February 2008, President Bush announced that the United States would enter the P4 discussion. Over the next couple of years Peru, Australia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Canada, Mexico andShow MoreRelatedThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Passed in October 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the largest free trade agreement (FTA) to date, comprising nearly 40% of the world’s economy. Countries including the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, South Korea and Mexico, among others share a common economic characteristic of a gross domestic production exceeding 1 trillion dollars annually. Other developing pacific countries included within the TPP include Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, Singapore, Chile, BruneiRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )758 Words   |  4 PagesOctober, 2015 Position Paper The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim countries concerning a variety of matters of economic policy, about which agreement was reached on 5 October 2015. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership) In 22 September 2008, United State of America joined the agreement. Since then, new countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru and Vietnam also joined the TPP, bringing the total number ofRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed trade agreement between several countries who border the Pacific Ocean, parties to the agreement include: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam. While the main objective of the TPP is to lower barriers to trade, namely by slashing existing tariffs on commonly traded goods, the TPP also addresses environmental conce rns, labor rights, and intellectual property protectionRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a controversial agreement between 12 of the world s most powerful countries. This partnership is set to change history not just for America but for the world. The partnership has it eyes set on a cornucopia of issues from: Intellectual Property rights, and tariffs, to collective bargaining rights, and access to affordable medicines. All of these certainly great issues that America and the world face. The Trans Pacific Partnership is a partnership that doesRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an economic free trade agreement currently being negotiated between New Zealand and 11 other Pacific Rim nations (Wyber Perry, 2013). It seeks to reduce trade restrictions including tariffs, create shared guidelines for intellectual property rights, sa nction codes for environmental and labour regulations, and create an investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system (Fergusson, McMinimy Williams, 2015). The implications of the TPP are immense, encompassingRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1499 Words   |  6 Pagesyears of negotiation, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was finally signed on February 4, 2016. As a large range of goods and services will be affected, countries have to consider both pros and cons of the agreement. For Vietnam, despite possible detriments due to IP protection, externalities, the partnership is generally beneficial as it significantly boosts Vietnam’s major export industries and increases the countries’ GDP in a short amount of time. Trans-Pacific Partnership is considered one ofRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1590 Words   |  7 Pages2) What are main themes or sectors that are negotiated in the Trans-Pacific Partnership, that are more prone to be subject to industrial groups’ vested interests, and what are ones more prone to be affected by political positioning? Create a table, and justify your distribution of â€Å"affected† themes or sectors, or aspects by reviewing various readings. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an extensive, proposed trade agreement that â€Å"would strengthen ties between Asia and the Americas, create aRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )896 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurs across state and international lines making the world’s citizens better off. Free trade is crucial to this improvement in well-being. Unfortunately, all current presidential candidates are against free trade. In particular, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP,) a massive multilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA,) is facing strong opposition. Economists frequently cite the benefits of trade and the importance of free trade between nations. In this fashion, many FTAs have been made in recent historyRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1401 Words   |  6 Pagesand the society of the pledged countries. Until recently, the U.S. initiated, the Trans-Pacific partnership (TPP), a global trade agreement that will impose stricter provisions on the labor issues such as workplace safety, labor issue, and labor dispute to the pledged countries. Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Singapore are 4 of the 11 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries who pledged in this TPP agreement and thus will be benefited from the elimination of taxes and tariffs onRead MoreThe Problematic Partnership Of The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )2425 Words   |  10 PagesThe Problematic Partnership Brewing since 2006, a revolutionary free trade agreement has been held under discussion by twelve of the Pacific Rim countries, including the United States, Chile, and Australia (Friel, Sharon, Gleeson, Thow, Labonte, Stuckler, Kay, and Snowdon 1). This agreement is known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), and while it shows potential to be a decisive economic deal, there exist outstanding issues. Of these issues are unjust intellectual rights laws, hindrance of the

Biomedical Example - 861 Words

Biomedical Example Erika Steinebach 1/10/2016 Beryl Keegan HCS 335 Biomedical Example In 1995 Mickey Mantle received a liver transplant due to a failing liver caused by hepatitis and cirrhosis. He was a Baseball Hall of Fame center fielder for the New York Yankees. Even though the usual waiting period for a liver transplant in the United States is about 130 days, Mickey Mantle only had to wait two for the hospital to find an organ donor for him. It took only two days for the Baylor Medical Center’s transplant team to find an organ donor for the 63-year-old former baseball hero. According to the Southwest Organ Bank, Mantle was moved ahead of others on the list because of his deteriorating medical condition. But, many people†¦show more content†¦Everyone should have to go through the proper channels and be approved to be placed on the transplant list. Then, they should have to wait until it is their turn to receive the donated organ. The only time that someone should be moved up on the list is if their condition rapidly deteriorates o ver the course of a couple of days and it is absolutely medically necessary to give them the organ first. That would be the only acceptable way that I could see someone being moved up on the list and I have heard of this happening before. On the other hand, I can also see why they would want the system to make exceptions for real heroes. But, when I say real heroes I mean real heroes and not celebrities that people consider their heroes. Heroes mean service men and women of the military, law enforcement officers, fire fighters, etc. Heroes should be considered people who fight to help protect the people around them, not someone who gets paid to be in the public or on TV. That to me is not a real hero. But yes, if we are talking about the heroes I listed above, I do believe that in an emergency situation they should be moved to the top of the list if the organ that is needed is readily available for them to have transplanted right away. But, they should also look at the patientâ€⠄¢s medical history and note any complications thatShow MoreRelatedThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness Essay examples1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Biomedical Model of Health and Illness The most dominant theory in Modern Western medicine of health and illness, held by many official health practitioners such as doctors, consultants, and surgeons has been labelled the biomedical approach or by some as the biomechanical model. The biomedical model presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the bodys workings. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. It works on the theory that ifRead MoreThe Importance Of The Biopsychosocial Approach : Treating Diabetes1498 Words   |  6 PagesCollege Professor Cashin October 6, 2017 Abstract: For many years the biomedical approach has been the gold standard in healthcare, but this approach lacks many important factors. While the biomedical approach takes into consideration the biologic aspect of a disease, it fails to address the importance of psychological and social factors when treating a patient. This paper compares the biomedical approach to the biopsychosocial model in healthcare, specifically in regards to diabetesRead MoreA Career in Biomedical Engineering Essay1879 Words   |  8 PagesMany great inventions have been made through research in biomedical engineering, for example, genetic engineering, cloning, and insulin. After insulin has been invented, there are still a lot of problems with the purity and the quantity of the insulin produced. Biomedical engineering devised a way to produce large quantities of insulin with a higher level of purity, which has saved a lot of human lives. Although biomedical engineering just been officially founded 200 years ago, i ts practice has beenRead MoreThe Importance Of The Biopsychosocial Model : Diabetes1351 Words   |  6 PagesCollege Professor Cashin October 6, 2017 Abstract: For many years the biomedical approach has been the golden standard in healthcare, but this approach lacks many important factors. While the biomedical approach takes into consideration the biological aspect of a disease, it fails to address the importance of psychological and social factors when treating a patient. This paper compares the biomedical approach to the biopsychosocial model in healthcare, specifically in regards to diabetesRead MoreBiomedical Appliances And The Destruction They Bring1385 Words   |  6 PagesBiomedical Appliances and the Destruction They Bring In the ever-growing industry of biomedical sciences, many devices have the potential to cause harm to the environment. They have to be treated with such caution and have drastic disposal measures in place to make sure no damage is done to the environment. Yes, these steps are incredibly important with devices such as these, but why use a product with such devastating potential? With today’s modern technology and brilliant scientists should putRead MoreEvaluation Of Sources And Argumrnts On Developing Critical Thinking Skills860 Words   |  4 Pagesconstant practies in the classroom and working on assigned homeworks, I have learned how to cite properly. I think it is importat to mention that I have also made minor errors, when it comes to indicating the singal phrase. For instance I started my â€Å"Biomedical Engineer† essay with and introduction based on a summary from what I have found on UC Bereley’s website (â€Å"Introduction†). Yet I have not ment ioned anything about the source as a signal phrase. Referring to the grading rubrics of all of my four essaysRead MoreThe Biopsychosocial Model Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesmental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.†-World Health Definition of Health (1948) [9] In order to understand health, different models or frameworks for thinking have been developed which have been useful. The Biomedical model which evolved since the 19th century from Galen’s (Greek physician 200AD) concept of pathogen, focused on removing the disease/disability and not on prevention or general well-being [9]. The Biopsychosocial model however, doesn’t merely focusRead MoreCode One - Emergency Delivery Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesnot only of the academic and procedural aspects of medicine but the real person-to-person interactions that are essential to the practice. My affinity for math and science, as well as my experience volunteering at Rex Hospital led me to major in Biomedical Engineering, which combines a wide range of engineering disciplines with medical and biological sciences to solve healthcare problems. This course of study taught me how to leverage a broad biological and physical science knowledge base; combiningRead MoreMy Experience With A Child1497 Words   |  6 Pagessummer research internship. I was offered an internship through the Massachusetts Life Science Center and was placed at Pressure Biosciences Inc. (PBI) in Medford, Massachusetts. I was overjoyed to work in the Boston area because of the blossoming biomedical engineering research centers. During my time at PBI, I worked to improve both the yield and quality of the protein extracted from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissue, using high pressure systems engineered by PBI. Over the course of myRead MoreStem Cells: Characterization and Biomedical Importance Es say example854 Words   |  4 Pagesclumps of cellular structures that contain tissue from all three of the germ layers, further indicated that the stem cells were pluripotent (Eiges et al. 2001). The pluripotent quality of human embryonic stem cells causes stem cells to have much biomedical significance. By creating cultures of human embryonic stem cells and causing the cells to differentiate into desired cell types, the cells could be used for various medical procedures and treatments. Several experiments have successfully used embryonic

Little Ice Age Free Essays

Europe had experienced a general cooling of the climate between years 1150 and 1460 and a very cold climate between 1560 and 1850. This event came to be known as the â€Å"Little Ice Age. † This cold weather had impact on agriculture, health, economics, emigration, and art and literature . We will write a custom essay sample on Little Ice Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term â€Å"Little Ice Age† was named by Francois Matthes in 1939 to describe the most destructive climate drop in Europe. This ice age was consisted of mountain glaciers which brought temperatures as low as 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Numerous people got sick and some were even killed and starved to death because of a famine.Farms and villages were lost due to the cold weather. It is unknown on what caused this â€Å"Little Ice Age. † We do know that this event impacted the people living in Europe. Many people have spotted out that the sunspot activity during this time period was low. This rare occurrence of sunspots triggered a cold sun, also the many volcanic eruptions which then turned into an ice age. Imagine the fog hugging the ocean waters, cold winds coming in from the north, no horizon, no boundary between the sea and sky, land is frozen, and there you are gazing at a futureless world.Although â€Å"The Little Ice Age† was not a true ice age because it didn’t last long enough to cause ice sheets to grow larger, but it did change the daily life in Europe. At the conclusion of the Medieval Warm Period, the ice age made Iceland and Greenland attractive colonies for many Europeans to emigrate to due to the lack of food and cold temperatures. Even schools of cod, fish were forced out into the western Atlantic Ocean due to the frigid water temperature. Pilgrims followed the cod down the coast of North America settling on Cape Cod.Population increased in Europe during the warm period which left a large amount of people starving and dying during the first year of â€Å"The Little Ice Age,† due to famine. Rain was harsh during this time, it drenched the farmlands. To overcome this dilemma, farmers had plowed soils with long furrows, creating fields that absorbed large amounts of rain without doing much drainage problems. After it was cleared the land became a muddy wilderness. The crops were flattened where they grew. Europeans needed to find a new way to rely on food. One way in particular, was tree bark was made into bread.No longer were they able to rely on crops due to the flooded and frozen grounds. The frozen conditions led farmers to lose their cattle, hunters could no longer hunt for food, and fisherman could no longer fish for food. Villages of people subcommed to the famine. The famine outbreak occurred between the years of 1315-1317 where over 25 million people died from famine or famine related diseases. One in particular known as Black Death. Many of the hungry were also killed by famine diarrhea. This condition was resulted from bad nutrition and changes in the intestines that upset the water and salt balance in the body.The people of Europe were forced to eat the flesh of dead animals as part of their survival. The hungry would abandon their homes and villages and go to hospitals and sometimes even crowded prisons just to survive. In doing so, the large majority of people also brought on many other infectious diseases. People huddled together for warmth. When people died their clothes, including their underwear, were passed on to other people. When these people left their homes they only left with what they wore on their backs. In addition to the impact â€Å"The Little Ice Age† had on human survival, it had a large impact on economics.Increasing grain prices with lower wine production greatly affected the income of many. Property values and loss of taxes were at a decline . Population was increasingly declining due to the famine. With all these factors many of the people suffered much hardship. The lack of production in Europe caused other countries to have bidding wars against one another for cargos of food and imports. â€Å"The Little Ice Age,† caused many people to flee Europe in search of better living habitats and survival strategies. This ice age not only affected humans, but also the wildlife and everything around it.The plants enzymes are failing them and their roots are struggling to find a way through the frozen soil. These plants can’t grow and maintain themselves in these conditions. Pollination is nearly impossible during this time. The plants aren’t able to give off much oxygen into the atmosphere, which we breathe in. The true impact of â€Å"The Little Ice Age† began around 1600 and lasted until the 1800’s. During that time in Europe is when it was at its height. It was considered to be the most significant climate event of the last millennium.Only until recently have climatologist discovered research of climate conditions in historical times. As stated before, no one is quite sure how â€Å"The Little Ice Age† evolved. Climatologist and historians have had many discussions on what they think was the main cause of the ice age. Today they are able to determine the yearly average temperatures, rainfalls, volcanic activity, and the effect of the sun during that period . What we know is that the sun experienced a â€Å"quiet† period, meaning its intensity was not that strong. Therefore, a cooling occurred.Sunspots which determine the suns strength were noted to be in decline. Volcanic activity is to be another known source of the cause. As the volcanoes erupted they shot out particles and gases into the air. With these gases floating in the air it led to an event called the aerosol effect. This had reduced the amount of heat by reflecting it back into space. Europe was not able to get direct sunlight so temperatures dropped. An unscientific way that climatologists were able to determine how extreme the temperatures were and how frigid the air felt was through art.They were also able to determine through these paintings when the colder air was beginning to lift. An interesting fact regarding the ice age is the paintings that were done during that time. Artists depicted people wearing warm winter clothes, all bundled up, and landscapes were covered in snow and ice. The theme of the paintings ended once the climate was starting to get warmer. A man once had studied more than 12,000 paintings in 41 art museums in the United States and 8 European countries to test if this hypothesis was true; that these paintings would accurately reveal the climate.He looked at the color of the clouds and sky in these paintings. By doing this scientist were able to tell when â€Å"The Little Ice Age† was at its peak and how cold it was then. The impact that â€Å"The Little Ice Age† had on neighboring countries such as Greenland and Iceland were extremely dramatic. Greenland, prior to â€Å"The Little Ice Age,† was free of packed ice and Norse Settlements were well established in the region. During â€Å"The Little Ice Age,† as the temperatures changed and plummeted, Greenland suffered considerably. Increased hardship for families, animals, and agriculture, all do to the conditions â€Å"The Little Ice Age,† brought along. This included flooding and storminess. â€Å"The Little Ice Age† caused major economic disruption throughout Europe. Ice covered seas made voyages extremely difficult. Settlements were either abandoned or died out when temperatures were at only 2 degrees. In the Norse Settlements, archeologists have discovered the clothing on the bodies of the buried to be in remarkably good shape due to the frozen grounds. Iceland was another country that suffered greatly. Since the fourteenth centaury Iceland’s major economic contributor has been exporting fish. Harsh winter temperatures made it nearly impossible to sustain this industry. Icelanders fished from open boats, not far from land, and tried to survive on local farming relatives that lived close to shore. With the population of 50,000 between the years of 1750-1758, 17,000 people died of hunger or disease. Ireland’s main source of income and stability in their country was the import and export of potatoes. Ireland had adopted the potato from America.Irish farm workers ate nothing else besides potatoes. Later on, the people of Ireland would suffer the worst due to the worst famine Ireland had ever experienced. We need to understand that the ice age has proven to have affected millions of people in the world and many countries. Starvation, hunger, crime, economic hardship, and settlements that were lost were all due to a period in time that we still don’t know too much about. What â€Å"The Little Ice Age† did to many parts of Europe has, and will change the future events that will go on. Because of the ice age tree heights have been altered.Many trees have gone, so the ones that are left are not as big as they used to be. This means the people of Europe will have little supply of wood to be able to make things such as furniture and paper. The disappearance of animals will be affected. Many fish such as cod have traveled to different waters around the world. This lowers the population of fish in Europe which hurts fisherman, trade, business, and food supply. Also that many animals have died and decomposed into the ground, it leaves hunters empty handed with fur to use as clothing and trade.Europe also suffers agriculturally. The harvest supplies that were destroyed during the ice age have led Europe to a decline in crop production today, such as cotton. If warming trends continue in Europe, growing seasons will lengthen, and wine vineyards will be established again in England. Many people have questioned as to whether the â€Å"Little Ice Age† will happen again. For hundreds of years, scientists have been observing the sun, examining the sun spots, wondering if the ice age could happen again. The scientist are discussing that the number of sun spots should be increasing.Human made greenhouses that help release carbon dioxide is a major factor in keeping the atmosphere warm. In addition, the ocean plays a tremendous part in keeping the climate on track. If melting ice caps and glaciers off of Greenland flows into the Northern Atlantic, it will shut down the Gulf Stream, also known as the â€Å"Great Conveyer. † In this situation, the icy cold water would shut down the Gulf Stream, which now keeps Europe warm. Worst case scenario would be a full blown ice age or a period of harsh winters. Now, if the warming continues and keeps progressing on the right path, then the growing seasons in Europe will lengthen.This is important because the majority of European citizens depend on this to grow food that they need for the upcoming seasons. Farms will be cleared to be closer to the Arctic Circle. In this area the sun is visible through the summer and does not set. Farmers can’t stress enough about having sun on their farm. It is crucial in their growth of their crops. The people of Europe had come a long way to deal with this ice age. Some of the things that they did were to migrate to other countries, away from the cold temperatures, and build houses that were together so that they could keep warm and not disrupt their family relation.If we keep building greenhouse affects and burn fossil fuels, Europe may be able to recover fully and successfully. If â€Å"The Little Ice Age† has taught us anything, it is that climate change and weather are unpredictable, and we should always be prepared for any sudden shift in change. This was the Europeans story of how climate made history. http://science. jrank. org/pages/47813/Little-Ice-Age. html http://www. geocraft. com/WVFossils/ice_ages. html http://www. commondreams. org/views04/0130-11. htm How to cite Little Ice Age, Papers

Structure and Features of CGC’s New System

Questions: 1. Discuss the criteria to consider in specifying the structure and features of CGCs new system. 2. Identify the data that should be incorporated into CGCs new system to provide adequate planning capability. Explain why each data item it is important and the level of detail needed for the data to be useful. Answers: Introduction CGC at present is a champion amongst the most hunt down after relationship by ethicalness of outsider gas suppliers. In like way, the weight on the relationship to go on the required measure of fundamental gas is vital. The affiliation has considered a strategy to get together to the making eagerness for the commonplace gas. In doing likewise, CGC has built up a point of confinement plant for the trademark gas that it gets from the affiliations that it has contracts with. The affiliations should store their gas in the farthest point that CGC has. The relationship along these lines give a specific volume of trademark gas on the first of September which the affiliation considers as their start of year. Regardless, the adherence to a solitary date gives a test to the affiliation that it doesn't permit it to figure the careful entire that it requires. The philosophy accordingly brings a hellfire up in the affiliation's number of totally the total it requires. The measures to contemplate in stipulating the structure and features of CGCs new system Division of Customers Quickly coming about to the usage of natural gas is never predicted that would stay tried and true, the customers require particular volumes of gas every year. If all else fails, it makes an immense partition in the full scale. The alliance has countered this issue by cutting down certain supplies (J. Pacua and cianowski, 2016). The connection has shut down operations in different front line and business places and plans to display their positive circumstances for the family division. The running with table is a representation of how much the connection is spilled over the particular ranges that it works in. Class Customers Sales in Cubic Feet Revenues Residential 160,000 80 billion $160 million Commercial 38,000 15 billion $ 25 million Industrial 2,000 50 billion $ 65 million Selling Priority At present, the relationship in like way has a total offer of 145 billion cubic feet and pay of $250 million. The alliance along these lines has an examined the general strategies in a year. The alliance has, notwithstanding, been not talented go on the required whole and along these lines drew in additional on the family department (Konrath, 2010). The near to gas customers are further divided into segments depending on their employments. The customers are given the choice of a standard delivery system or a crucial delivery system. The customers who have a utilization of under 50000 warm units would advantage the standard delivery system while those using more than that ought to use the fundamental delivery system. Developing supplementary choices While portraying the new system, it ought to be reviewed that the general system ought to be kept with a couple of minor changes. The advancement of a course of action must recall that the new system must figure a way to deal with oversee give each one of the customers from each one of the groupings with whatever they require. The customers ought to be given choice actuates if not unequivocally the same that is to be supplied. While the alliance is on an extremely fundamental level focused on the supply of natural gas, advancement of some other choice sources would not be risky to the connection (2011-12 estimates, 2012). The new system ought to likewise parcel the time range in a way that the association can pick the volume of gas that is required for a changed measure of time. Isolating the time explore presentation shorter areas would give the connection the by and large required control over the required volume. The statistics which should be merged into CGCs new system to deliver appropriate planning ability Statistics of the Distinct Volume Most importantly, the statistics that is required for the change of the new system would be the data as for the measure of volume of gas is used by each customer and that circuits both the range gas customers in addition the present day and business customers. This is, regardless, impossible by a format system as diagrams are not in light of current circumstances solid and the slants of the customers will without a doubt change after the study has happened. Along these lines, the system of finishing a study is not for the most part a remarkable measure for picking the volume of gas used by the customers (Hohmann and Holzmann, 2013). To pick this section, the customers ought to be pulled back, not by a system, yet rather by approaches, the customers should be outfitted with different arrangements according to their specific occupations. The division of game-plans would outfit the customers with the ability to pick an approach as appeared by their utilization and as necessities be, wou ld nearly give the association an unmistakable considered the measure of a customer under each strategy. The division of the customers would thusly outfit the association with the ability to plot the unmistakable measure of natural gas to be disengaged and picked up from the contracted affiliations (Faed, Hussain and Chang, 2013). The running with table is a sensible structure for the strategies that could be made with a particular finished objective to detach the customer base. Scheme Customers covered General Non-Heating Delivery Organizations that use natural gas only for handling commitments (Mao, 2014) General Heating Delivery Organizations using natural gas for the resolves of treating and space reheating Large Volume Delivery The Industries that ingest more than 300,000 thermos yearly Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Delivery The organizations that use natural gas for the manufacturing of compressed natural gas that would be used in CNG automobiles (Farzaneh-Gord et al., 2015) High Load Delivery Industries that ingest over 2,000,000 thermos yearly Industrial Delivery Industries that use natural gas all through the year for the manufacturing measures and other usages. Commercial Delivery Industries that use natural gas for cookery and other linked resolves (Smart, Gaisford and Basit, 2014). Large Volume Interruptible Delivery Industries that ingest more than 500,000 thermos usually The table demonstrates a portrayal of the impelled customers, in any case, there ought to be the system for the sales of the neighboring customers moreover. The system of the customers in such a way would give the connection the key data that is required with a particular last objective to empower a figuring of the measure of gas is to be required. Doing in like manner would make a free market movement adapt that would not end up being a weight on the alliance's central focuses. Division of Time Frame of Operations Current division of time frame The running with step would be the division of the time. The relationship at present uses the yearly game-plan to detail the getting system of the natural gas. The date is the first of September when the association gets the gas from the ten affiliations that it has a concurrence with (Samantaray, Kamwa and Joos, 2010). The affiliations ought to give the required measure of gas to CGC on the date and the gas is used for the year. In any case, this system is not particularly practical as the association can't ensure about the volume of gas to be used as a part of the center of this period. The connection ought to as necessities be pack the time into semi-dependably or quarterly or better still month to month divisions. Perfect circumstances of Divisions of time assignment into shorter areas The shorter time part would give the alliance the key considered what volume to buy according to the prerequisites (Snchez Martn, 2012). Keeping such a high measure of time for the decision of the volume can end up being shaky for the connection and as necessities be, the division of the time into more unassuming parts would give the alliance what it needs to focus on the asking for of the customers. The seeing of the customers would give alliance to a great degree required figures for the usage and credit cost. The connection can then keep purchasing the definite aggregate that they would require. The division of the time frame would enable the relationship to see the instance of usage (Dhayalan and Preethi, 2016). The instance of use in the latest month would outfit the association with a considered the aggregate to buy before the next month. Moreover, the expansion in customers would be less requesting to control for this circumstance. In perspective of yearly figuring, it is fund amentally more difficult to enroll the aggregate more gas is to be remote made remembering the final objective to fulfill the asking for of the new customers. In such a case, the use of even a specific customer exhibits an endless number. The closeness of such a wide volume will in fact make partitions of estimations that would influence the alliance. Regardless, when the time portion is isolated into smaller regions, it is less requesting to join the required volume of gas that ought to be obtained for supplying to the customers. A little detachment here and there can be controlled through different means. Subsequently, including new customers would be less requesting in this system. Use of the new time frame In the crucial system, customers are required to apply for the relationship of gas delivery and the supply begins basically after September 1. The clarification for this is the connection needs to outline the measure of customers that it gets one year from now (Coffe, 2015). The estimation then encounters a whimsical methodology that considers the standard usage of each customer. The connection then demands the undefined whole more than the past deals remembering the picking focus to supply to each customer. The system in this manner furthermore finishes a wide number of customers not measuring up with respect to the present circumstance for the affiliation inferable from the obstacle in getting the delivery. The procedure can be enhanced by taking after a philosophy of benefitting for a month to month supply. The connection can buy the required natural gas on a month to month premise from the suppliers and after that go on them in the process unraveling the estimation of the total m ore to demand next time (Martnez-Snchez, 2012). The system would attract more customers as the customers would basically need to apply the earlier month and the connection would be set up with their stipulated volume of natural gas the next month. The proximity of such a number would likewise empower a strategy that would not perform wastage of points of interest inducing a system that would outfit the association with the key volume that it needs to buy to fulfill the asking for the following month. Figure 1. Overhauling the system of Calculating Customers Regardless of the way that the connection uses particular allots to find the measure of customers that are required remembering the finished focus to pick the volume of gas to be picked up, there ought to be an adjustment meanwhile. Figuring the measure of customers is key at any rate it ought to be reviewed that it is deficient (Monir and Asif, 2014). The estimation ought to be more on a level that considers the volume of natural gas that is eaten up. Since CGC ways to deal with focus on the zone gas supply market, it ought to be looked into that such a business range gives a separating legit picture before the association. Fundamentally figuring the measure of customers does not give any idea in light of the route that in a family unit market, finding an ordinary measure of utilization is unprecedented (Plug, Ballard extend supply deal, to target NA forklift market, 2010). The necessities and use will surely changes in such a business part in a matter of months or even weeks. The c heck of a general use volume thusly ought to be brought into spot. Learning in matters of volume would thusly outfit the association with the most ideal approach to manage technique the total required in the running with session. Such a vigilant system may be more difficult to finish however there is no isolating choice to such a technique(Bajaj, Gill and Kumar, 2015). Figure 2. Conclusion CGC has been encountering an issue in the relationship of motivations behind interest inferable from its lacking estimation systems. For this condition, the redesign can be competent if there is an attainable procedure to screen the mindful level of offers and supply. The numbers for diagrams and supply ought not to be in a course number of clients but instead in an estimation of the volume. The system ought to, in any case, be streamlined. In doing in light of current circumstances, the system would be one where the clients are segregated. Division of the clients would furnish the relationship with the hugely required thought for setting their needs as appeared by the requesting of the client base. The report utilized three spots where the redesign could be fit checking on the last goal to keep up a concordance between the free market headway. The covered step is the depiction of the client base as appeared by their use and fields of use. The second step is to withdraw the time peri od in making orders. The third system is the alteration in the midst of the time spent picking use. Depiction of the clients gives the association the liberally required considered setting inclines. Division of the time task makes it less asking for the relationship to portray the measures for the figuring of the measure of requesting is to be made. Likewise, last walk would be an update of the arranging strategy. The present system is one where the measure of clients is the segment that is considered. Clearly maybe, there ought to be a system for the check of the volume that is required. The utilization of these three variables would give the affiliation the generously obliged capacity to change free market development and in the process direct assets sensibly. References 2011-12 estimates. (2012). [Ottawa?]: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Bajaj, N., Gill, J. and Kumar, R. (2015). An Approach for Similarity Matching and Comparison in Content based Image Retrieval System.IJIEEB, 7(5), pp.48-54. Coffe, H. (2015). Time use among New Zealand Members of Parliament.Time Society. Dhayalan, D. and Preethi, R. (2016). Overcoming Circumstances Caused by Jammer Using Time Interval / Sampling Method.International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science. Faed, A., Hussain, O. and Chang, E. (2013). A methodology to map customer complaints and measure customer satisfaction and loyalty.SOCA, 8(1), pp.33-53. Farzaneh-Gord, M., Niazmand, A., Deymi-Dashtebayaz, M. and Rahbari, H. (2015). Effects of natural gas compositions on CNG (compressed natural gas) reciprocating compressors performance.Energy, 90, pp.1152-1162. Konrath, J. (2010).Snap selling. New York: Portfolio. Hohmann, D. and Holzmann, H. (2013). Semiparametric location mixtures with distinct components.Statistics, 47(2), pp.348-362. Pacua, A. and cianowski, J. (2016). Terpenes As Green Starting Materials For New Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds.Current Green Chemistry, 3(1), pp.36-50. Mao, K. (2014). Heating Coil and Delivery Pipe Design of Asphalt Heating Equipment.AMM, 635-637, pp.52-55. Martnez-Snchez, F. (2012). TIME TO MARKET AND IMPATIENT CUSTOMERS.Bulletin of Economic Research, 65(2), pp.194-202. Monir, A. and Asif, I. (2014). Grooming those microfinance fails to accommodate in: System needs major overhauling.African Journal of Business Management, 8(12), pp.393-440. Plug, Ballard extend supply deal, to target NA forklift market. (2010).Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2010(8), p.3. Samantaray, S., Kamwa, I. and Joos, G. (2010). Ensemble decision trees for phasor measurement unit-based wide-area security assessment in the operations time frame.IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 4(12), p.1334. Snchez Martn, F. (2012). The smallest divisions of time: terminological and lexicographical aspects.Verba Hispanica, 20(1), p.325. Smart, A., Gaisford, S. and Basit, A. (2014). Oral peptide and protein delivery: intestinal obstacles and commercial prospects.Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 11(8), pp.1323-1335.

The Allegory of Plato an Example by

The Allegory of Plato: The Distinction between Reality and Illusion Plato is one of the most relevant figures in philosophy. He has been a great influence to all the other philosophers who emerged after him. His works are mostly in the form of a dialogue, allowing readers to easily understand his philosophy. One of the most recognized texts attributed to Plato is the Allegory of the Cave, which conveys an important element of his philosophy through a conversation with Glaucon. Through the allegory, Plato tries to illustrate the difference between how illusion and reality is perceived by people. Need essay sample on "The Allegory of Plato: The Distinction between Reality and Illusion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed An allegory is that which represents something apart from itself. Therefore, the Allegory of the Cave by Plato is more than just a story. It conveys a message beyond the given instances indicated in the text. It actually illustrates one of the most integral aspects of Platos philosophy. In the allegory, Plato tries to distinguish between enlightenment and ignorance of humanity (Plato 79). He gives out a specific scenario, one which includes prisoners in a cave. Plato describes this cave as one which has an entrance that allows sunlight to come into the cave. Inside the cave, there are prisoners who have been there since their youth. Their legs and necks are bound, forcing them to only look ahead. The prisoners could see through a curtain wall which is also found inside the cave. Somewhere high above, there is a fire (Plato 79). The fire creates shadows of those people which move behind the curtain walls, shadows that the prisoners can see. Because of their bondage, these shadows are the only things that the prisoners can see. Plato gives another scenario. One of the prisoners is freed from the condition he was trapped in since he was a child (Plato 80). For the first time, this allows him to see for himself the fire and the objects behind the shadows. Initially, he is blinded by the light; afterwards, his eyes adjust in time to see the outside world (Plato 80). Plato presents yet another scenario. The freed prisoner goes back to the cave (Plato 81). This time, he is blinded by the darkness; his exposure to the light made him this way. In the instance that he was to discriminate against the darkness, the other prisoners would consider him crazy (Plato 81). They would not understand him, as all they know are the shadows that they see. If the remaining prisoners in the cave can take a hold of the prisoner who has returned, the former would kill the latter. The Allegory of the Cave tries to illustrate how human limitations can blur the lines between reality and illusion. The allegory presents an analogy of how Plato perceives the limitation of man. The prisoners in the allegory represent humans. The prisoners have been bound since the beginning; their eyes have been limited to see only shadows. Because it is the only thing they see, it becomes reality for them. The objects behind the curtain wall represent reality, while the shadows are merely illusions. Under the given conditions, the prisoners consider the shadows as the real things. Humans are like the prisoners. The human body limits an individuals ability to determine between reality and illusion. From the beginning, a humans perception of reality is distorted by his sensory experiences. What is real for him is that which he has experienced from his senses, just as the shadows were considered reality by the prisoners. There is a resistance by the prisoners to embrace reality which can be found in the last scenario given by Plato. In the instance that a prisoner who had seen the outside world would return to the cave and tell the other prisoners the real story behind the shadows, he would be perceived as a fool and might even be killed in the process. The reason behind this is that only the freed prisoner is aware of the truth; everybody else is still bound to their ignorance. If the freed prisoner was to relay what he had seen to the others, the prisoners would not believe him. How can the prisoners believe his stories when all they can see are the shadows? The shadows are all they experience; it is the only reality available for them. To hear a testimony of another experience would surely be met with opposition. The knowledge of the freed prisoner would make him appear insane; the others would assume that the world beyond the cave has damaged his eyes (Plato 81). The so-called damage would then d iscourage the others from breaking free of their bondage and would render freedom from the cave as an unworthy endeavor (Plato 81). There is a reason why the remaining prisoners do not want to see the outside world. There is a reason why they do not want to know the truth. For most of their lives, the shadows have been reality for them. It is all they know as true. They have long held such perception that to do otherwise would be extremely difficult. When the freed prisoner tells them the truth, they are challenged. It is almost an insult for the prisoners to have their long held belief questioned. The prisoners do not want to know the truth because the experience would be similar to what the freed prisoner experienced. In the beginning, the freed prisoner was blinded by reality; it took time for his eyes to adjust to reality. For the remaining prisoners, to know the truth would also be a blinding experience. It will take a long time for them to break free from their illusions and adjust their eyes to reality. The cave is their comfort zone; there is much hesitation in their part to leave it for the outside world . This is the reason why the prisoners do not want to know the truth. They want to spare themselves from a blinding experience. In a way, the situation is similar to humans. Humans are bound to their sensory experiences and to the illusions that these experiences provide. However, the senses do not suffice in providing people an access to reality. Therefore, one must go beyond the senses and illusions to reach reality. The only way one can experience reality is through reason (Plato 82). In the allegory, the prisoner was only immersed in reality when he was free from the cave. Reality was only experienced by the prisoner when he went to the outside world and discovered the real story behind the shadows and reflections. In this case, humans can only experience reality through the use of reason. Plato believed that people can only grasp reality if reason was involved. People should not rely on their senses to know the truth; thinking is more important than using the senses. The importance of thinking is the reason why some people find it easier to retain their illusions. They mostly rely on their senses, even t hough it presents inaccurate information. Thinking would force them to go beyond what they thought is true; instead of their senses, they would have to resort to reason. The transition from senses to reason would be similar to the prisoners dilemma: the adjustment from darkness to light. Platos Allegory of the Cave is an illustration of the problematic distinction between reality and illusion. It represents how people can mistake illusion for reality given the limitations their bodies provide. In the allegory, the prisoners represent the people. Their sense of reality is false, as their eyes only allow them to accept illusion as the real thing. It is only when they can come out into the outside world they can they truly experience reality. For humans, the physical world only presents illusions. Their senses can grasp these illusions as reality. Plato believes that reason should be used to truly experience reality. Hence, the problem between reality and illusion can only be resolved through the use of reason. Work Cited Authors last name, authors first name. Title of the book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

The Book Is Dead! Essay Example

The Book Is Dead! Essay Example The Book Is Dead! Essay The Book Is Dead! Essay Is this the death knell of one technology, that is Traditional Printing, and the subsequent rise of the next, Digital Media etc? Electronic books, or E-Books, are reportedly currently outselling traditional paper based books generally and newspaper circulation figures are in a long gradual decline. The standard Phone Book is already dead, as British Telecom no longer produce it in a printed format. Is print the place where words go to die? And yet last year the renowned online retailer Amazon announced that for the first time, it was selling more Kindle versions of books than paperback and hardbacks combined, and, here is something that does not get quoted quite so often, sales of print books were still increasing.[ CITATION Jen15 l 2057 ] Recent statistics seem to point to a decline in reading conventional books and other printed material and that technology is taking over in terms of encyclopaedias, dictionarys etc. In fact the renowned Oxford English Dictionary is now only available in print to special order, either in it’s full 20 volume set or as the compact single volume edition. The economics of traditional printing requires thousands of units to be sold in order to see a potential profit for the publishers. They are generally expensive to produce, take up a lot of space, they are not easily searchable, and they are not easily linkable. E-books and pdf ( Adobes Portable Document Format) versions of documents on the other hand are quite the opposite. They are generally very inexpensive to produce, usually in the few hundreds of pounds or less, they can be very quick to produce, and unlike traditional paper based books, they can be quickly searched through and items can be linked between one source and ano ther. In future will the printed book simply live on as art objects and as collectors items? Sherman young in his book entitled ‘The Book Is Dead : Long Live the Book’ states â€Å"that physical books may one day become the

South to North Water Transfer Project Term Paper

South to North Water Transfer Project - Term Paper Example Finally, with the advent of 20th century need for the development of this project was raised to its peak and hence South to North water transfer Project was first started in 2002and more than two routes of this project are being used to transfer water resources of south to north of the country. Scarcity of water has been a great issue in the region of china from centuries. History clearly depicts suffering of Chinese people in north regions and why this region remained undeveloped for long times; But, with the passage of time technology improved and population increased. This increase in population forced people to move to the outskirt areas with limited resources. Now people are living in north of China but were living miserable life due to scarce water resources. One major reason for this scarcity of water is that china is not connected to large water body from any of its sides other than frozen sea. The southern and eastern parts of china are greatly influenced by the monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. These winds are having high level of water content which causes extensive rain in china but these winds reach northern and eastern parts of china only when winds are strong and monsoon season is at its peak. During weak monsoon winds, only southern and eastern areas are getting rains and northern and eastern parts remain deprived of summer rains. This scarcity of water has resulted in the destruction of strong dynasties in china because it leads to extreme drought and economic crisis. In order to overcome this scarcity of water Government of China planned for grand engineering project of transferring south water resources to north by spreading an amazingly design canal system. It has been planned that at the end this grand project will be able to transfer 44.8bn cubic meters of water to north each year. This is

HUman Rights(United Nations Declaration of Human Rightss 1948) Essay

HUman Rights(United Nations Declaration of Human Rightss 1948) - Essay Example d surrounding nations are hotbeds of caste and religious discriminations whereas the USA and EU nations regularly discriminate on the basis color and gender. The USA operates an inhuman detention centre at the US naval base in Guantà ¡namo Bay, Cuba. In fact there is no nation in the world where all human beings are treated as equals. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. †¦. According to special rapporteur of the UN Mr. Githu Muigai â€Å"An estimated 250 million people around the world are at risk of violations of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights, including violence, marginalization and discrimination†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This fact is applicable to all nations including the developed western societies and backward third world countries. Some governments go so far as to explicitly rationalize some forms of discrimination in the name of morals, religion, cultural equality or even national security.   Discrimination protected by law – for example, where the law limits religious freedoms (the decision to ban headscarves in France) or refuses to recognize Indigenous Peoples’ rights ( Aborigine mistreatment in Australia) effectively strips away human rights.( Discrimination, no date) In the United States, the consequence of the Bush administrations decision to fight terrorism without regard to the basic human rights is a gross violation of this article. Thousands have been detained without fair trial because they belong to a particular religion or region. France is guilty of Islam phobia and Xenophobia is a major issue in all western societies. The under developed nations of Africa are guilty of genocide, and every conceivable violation of basic rights, other nations specially in the Indian subcontinent are guilty of caste, religious and gender

Literature review in E-commerce in saudi arabia Assignment

Literature review in E-commerce in saudi arabia - Assignment Example Customer pressure will havelittleornothepreliminaryadoption of e-commerce by business. There is a strong support structure for electronic commerce I Saudi Arabia. The model shows that 81 percent of Saudi customer’ intendeds to continues hopping online and can be generalized across Riyadh .Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness directions can help to improve the models power of prediction and would be better than the original power. Analyze and demonstrates a relationship of the relevant factors that affect the internet customers in Saudi a Arabia and goes on to include a correlation of fundamental influence the trust of Saudi consumers in the electronic commerce, and the indicators of weaknesses and strengths, which influence the elements. And it goes on to show the indicators the weaknesses and strengths that affect these factors Identified eight main barriers to weak after sale support, fear of product un-arrival, unavailability of shipping in vendors websites, website language, no initial experience regarding online shopping, unavailable of house mailing address, payment system issues and high purchasing costs. - The whole research concerning e-commerce in Saudi Arabia was conducted by combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. The approach of mixed technique was applicable on the customers’ samples and retailers. - The study introduced a conceptual framework model, which aims at encouraging confidence in e-commerce retailing domain in Saudi Arabia is a tardy e-commerce adopter and the e-commerce development and is slow in progress in contrast to the leading and developed countries. The elements that influence the adoption of the decisions have been established, but there is limited empirical research that assesses the e-commerce adoption in developing nations in the Arab word such as Saudi Arabia. The study examined the perception of mobile phone users and their concerns

Cultural Dependency Theory

Cultural Dependency Theory Introduction: There are many reasons to examine the current situation of the world, where a lot of countries are underdeveloped or are developing, and a small portion of the world, which are the Western countries, are relatively rich and developed and rule over the under-developed and developing countries. In this essay, I discuss the Modernisation theory and the Cultural Dependency Theory, how they came into existence and what are their problems. Also, the contributions made by all the countries and trying to develop have not really helped them to a great extent. In this essay, I have also explained why this division is still present and the dependency of the Third World countries on the Western countries. At the end of the essay, I have given the pros and cons of both the theories. International Communication Theory: The Third world countries were highly inferred for development because of the cold war which divided the countries into Eastern countries and western countries. This lasted for more than 50 years. Most of the Third World Nations wanted to avoid the group of countries which had common interest in politics and they wanted to concentrate on getting their population out of the control of the other legal or political restrictions. Third world nations got their name during the cold war which is said to be given by Alfred Sauvy in 1952, who was the French Economic historian. The world was divided between the capitalist first world which was led by the United States, and the communist second world, which was headed by Moscow (Thussu, 2006). The Term Third world was given to the nations who were not included in above mentioned groups (Brandt Commission, 1981; South Commission, 1990) and Asia, Latin America and Africa started a movement of National Liberation. This changed the entire political maps of the world (Thussu, 2006). By 1960, a lot of countries were free from the colonial powers and these new independent states got an opportunity to develop because of International Communication (Thussu, 2006). The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was approved by the UN General Assembly and the UNCTAD, because, the Non-Aligned Movement started demanding fairness in the economy. NIEO had an independent and an egalitarian economic order which was grounded on the principles of equality and was government free which included that, all the members of the country had equal rights to participate in the development process (Thussu, 2006 cit. Hamelink, 1979: 145). The NIEO provided a structure which helped to understand the international relations between the countries based on North-South division. At the same time, New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) also had to be taken into consideration in order to link it with the economic order. The Non-Aligned countries demanded changes in the global economic and informational systems. Juan Somavia, 1976, observed that, The transnational Power structure supported the transnational communication system to develop. This is basically a tool for transmitting values and lifestyles to Third World Countries which provokes the consumption and society which is necessary to the transnational system as a whole. (Somavia, 1976: 16-17) There were a lot of times when the Third World or the developing countries took technical and financial help from the Western or the developed countries as they wanted to use the communication technologies for development. One of the main areas where the developing countries took support from the developed ones was the satellite television. Television was considered to be one of the most powerful and influential medium. It could be used for a lot of purposes like bringing change in the attitudes of the traditional people, educational purposes and modernise societies. Cultural Dependency Theory: Cultural Dependency Theory was emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s in Latin America. It was a criticism of the modernisation theory. This theory was developed in Latin America under the supervision of Raul Prebisch who was the director of United Nations Economic Commission. The main interest in research of Instituto Lationoamericano de Estudios (ILET) which was established in 1976 in Mexico City was to study the Transnational media business, which gave a force to criticise the modernisation theory.(Thussu, 2006) It became necessary to analyse international communication. So dependency theorists directed towards getting a substitute theoretical account (Baran, 1957; Gunder Frank, 1969; Amin 1976). Transnational Communication (TNCs) which was dominated by the North, have control over the governments and over developing countries by setting their personal rules and regulations on global trade which includes dominating labour, market, production and resources. These countries were developing in such a way that the developed countries keep dominating over the developing countries and maintained the need for the developing countries to be dependent on the developed countries (Thussu, 2006). Due to the neo-colonial relationship in which the TNCs controlled the exchange and structure of global markets, the inequality in the south had become wider and deeper whereas the TNCs had strengthened their control over the worlds natural and human resources (Baran, 1957; Mattlelart, 1979, Thussu, 2006). Dependency theorists tried to show the link between modernisation and policies of transnational media (Thussu, 2006). Herbert Schillers idea of cultural imperialism is the most clearly identified one (1969-92). Schiller analysed the links between the transnational business and the dominant states. (Thussu, 2006) The main argument of Schiller was about how the US based transnational corporations weaken the cultural liberty of the developing countries and force them to be dependent on both hardware and software of communication and media. The definition of cultural imperialism by Schiller was, the sum of the process by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to or even to promote, the values and structures of the dominant centre of the system (Schiller, 1976: 9) Schiller argued that new emergent American empire was taking over the European colonial empires like, British, French and Dutch. This was based on the economic, military and informational power. According to him, the US based TNCs are continuously growing and are starting to dominate the global economy. US business and military organisations have got a leading role in the development and control of a new, electronic based global communication system due to the support that economic growth has received from the communication knowledge (Thussu, 2006). USA had the most effective surveillance system as it controlled global satellite communications which was the crucial element in the cold war years (Thussu, 2006). Due to this the dependence on the US increased for communication Technology and investment (Schiller, 1969). All the western goods and services along with the American way of life were promoted when the media programs were imported from the USA which required sponsorship to run . This was a threat to the Southern traditional cultures (Schiller, 1969). He argued in his book, which was republished in 1992 that the domination over the worlds communication of the US increased after the UNESCO failed and the cold war got over. The domination of US over the economy had started decreasing as the TNCs started acquiring important role in international relations changing the cultural imperialism of US into Transnational corporate cultural domination (Schiller, 1992: 39) The other works which show the dominance of the US using cultural imperialism is clearly seen in the Hollywoods relationship with the European movie market (Guback, 1996); US exports television shows to Latin America and influences it greatly (Wells, 1972); Disney comic also have contributed in promoting capitalist values (Dorfan and Mattelart, 1975) and advertising industry has played a role of an ideological instrument (Ewen, 1976; Mattelart, 1991) (cited in Thussu, 2006: 48-49). Oliver Boyd-Barrett noticed one of the most prominent aspects of dependency in international communication in the 1970s as media imperialism. This examines the information and media inequalities between the nations. It analyses the domination of the US over the international media (Boyd-Barrett, 1977). Modernisation Theory: The concept of modernity has become a very general statement. It represents the experience of the western culture on the others. All the global cultures are disapproved to modernity and the concept of cultural imperialism critically evaluates the conclusions in the critique of modernity (Tomlinson, 1991). A philosophical notion in the years after the war was that international communication is an important part in order to modernise and develop the Third world nations. The notion was that international communication can be used to spread modernity among the newly independent countries and that it will help to transform the traditional societies of the developing countries. It was also used to transfer the hypothetical description of economic and political entity of the developed countries.   Modernisation theory is an attempt to provide a support for the development policies which was created by the western countries. These development policies were supported towards the Third world countries which were still getting out of the rule of the stronger countries and were getting independent. This theory is just an attempt to explain the economic under-development of the Third world nations by focusing on the development which can be done with a process which is determined by the societys internal features. Vincent Mosco points out: The Modernisation Theory was meant to reconstruct the international division of labour amalgamating the non-Western world into the emerging international structural hierarchy (1996: 121). Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel and Tonnies and others came up with their own theories keeping in mind the dramatic changes in the European societies due to the modern world. There was an agreement between the theorists which was based on the political spectrum and all of them thought that the world had more than one possible meaning in the capacity to deliver fulfilment and happiness. Modernity was associated with enlightenment and was suppose to free the people from the control of another person or any legal or political restrictions. But modernity failed to deliver complete freedom. Modernisation includes economic scientific and technical development that is very closely related to the capitalist market. But Bermans, in his book All that is solid melts into air talks about the notion of self development. The main aim of his book is to explain that cultural condition of modernity stood still and lapsed during the twentieth century. He also aims to fix the serious problem which was closely linked to the possibilities of dangers along with the enthusiasts and enemies of the modern life which was found during the nineteenth century. (Berman, 1983) According to the Frankfurt School theorists the main issue of modernity was the injustices by the capitalist system or social intolerance by a bigot or of the ideology of possessive individualism (Tomlinson, 1991). Horkheimer and Adorno critiqued the modernisation theory by comparing it with the so called rational institutions. The main task of modernisation theory is to set people free, but the history and past politics show that this theory failed to do their task effectively (Tomlinson, 1991). According the Berman, people living in the twentieth century do not know how to live a modern life and missed of broken the connection between the culture and lives. He describes modernisation as a set of historical processes due to which the experience of modernity evolves. He claims that modernity is one of the most difficult, anxious and uncertain place to live, but ultimately it is the world where people live and people can master the cultures of the place where they live. At one point of time, he mentions about the Third World nations and discusses that the governments of those countries are trying to protect their people from modernisation which is being imposed by the West. He says that if the culture which is being imposed by the west is really not used by the Third World nations then will they consume so much energy? The governments of the Third world nations call the West as aliens. But they do not understand the fact that they are their own peoples energies, desires and cr itical spirit. When these governments say that they do not want the Western Countries to impose any kind of cultures in their nations, they are trying to say that, they have managed to keep the political and spiritual influence on the people. Also they do not realise that once the people become more aware of things going around them, modernist spirit will be one of the first things to be adapted by the people. The governments of the Third World Nations are fighting against each other in order to keep their tradition alive among the people, which had no result at the end. He also says that Third world governments think that they are being enforced upon by the western countries by accumulating a lot of capital or are being forced to break into parts. He suggests that people have to adapt to a place in which nothing can be taken for granted. Media is just one form of medium which helps to spread the experience of modernity. But according to another theorist, Peter Berger, 1974, modernisation is not a one way journey which rectifies human self understanding. He explains this concept with the help of a story of a visitor who visited the villages of Tanzania. People living in these villages belonged to different Tribes but are now living very co-operatively. This was one of the communities which were transferring from tradition to modernity. The visitor asked someone; whether they still practice their personal tribal dances. The answer was, yes, and it is done once or twice a year on any special occasion. He also added that this is done so that it becomes easy for the people to understand one another better. (Berger, 1974).It is clearly seen that there is a process of political-economic which is enforced upon the Third world nations as they are very closely connected with their traditions and colonialism which has become a history for the Western nations and still are in a position to dominate over the Thi rd world nations (Tomlinson, 1991). Castoriadis, 1985, mentions that the West will continue to conquer the world even if it was going to be destroyed materially (Castoriadis, 1985). So when Berman says that the Third World cultures need to be modernised, he means not just in terms of objective structures of the capitalist markets, urbanism, but also in terms of a narrative with a clear beginning keeping in mind the cultures of the west. His view of modernity means that it is full of forces like the dynamic and development forces which means that the Western cultures are being imposed on the Third world nations in order to modernise and develop their countries. But Castoriadis has a different opinion. He accepts individuals have their own priorities and have their personal institutional forces towards modernity. The kind of institutions we develop in order to become powerful does not come from external forces of humanity but it comes from within through the social imaginary (Tomlinson, 1991). Habermass view on modernity is completely different from that of Bermans. Habermas thinks that modernity is a way of making someone poor culturally, whereas Berman thinks that there are forces which drive people towards modernity (Tomlinson, 1991). Cultural Dependency Theory v/s Modernisation Theory: The gap between the ruling and the working class increased which combined with regular recession to create dissatisfaction among the working class (McPhail, 2009). In order to fight for their rights, working class started forming groups such as unions (McPhail, 2009). Stevenson criticised this theory by using the dependency literature which was notable for an absence of clear definitions of fundamental terms like imperialism and an almost total lack of empirical evidence to support the arguments (Stevenson, 1988: 38). A lot of other theorists argued that it did not consider the media form and the role played by the audience (Thussu, 2006). Those involved in a cultural studies approach to the analysis of international communication argued that, like other cultural artefacts, media texts could be polysemic and were amenable to different interpretations by audiences who were not merely passive consumers, but active participants in the process of negotiating meaning (Fiske, 1987, cited in Thussu, 2006: 49). It was also noticed by the theorists that cultural imperialism thesis did not consider issues as how global media texts worked in national contexts, ignoring local patterns of media consumption (Thussu, 2006: 49). Cultural Dependency theory also failed to explain the effects of the cultural products distributed by the US around the world. Also, cultural imperialism failed to give attention to the complexities of the Third World cultures and assumed a hypodermic-needle model (Sreberny-Mohammadi, 1991, 1997). It was also argued that western scholars did not have deep knowledge about the Third world cultures. They had extremely limited knowledge and not being aware of diversities such as race, gender, class, religion and ethnicity. Very few systematic studies have been conducted by the southern scholars on cultural and ideological effects on western media on the audiences of the south (Thussu, 2006).One of the major issues of this theory was that it did not consider the role of the national elites, especially elites living in the developing countries (Thussu, 2006). Modernisation Theory had promised to deliver the social and economic change which failed miserably (McPhail, 2009). Therefore, three other theories were developed which looked at the development communication which were totally different and directed in a different way, which were, Cultural imperialism, Participatory communication and Entertainment-Education Theory (McPhail, 2009). Social and cultural theory does not agree with the core of modernity. Also this theory was criticised to a great degree because of its ideological basis, lack of clarity and it is a subject which is ignorant to many and it fails to exercise good judgement. This theory ignores the external determinants of underdevelopment like the exploitation of the Third world countries when they were being ruled by the Western countries. This theory ignores these factors and assumes that the Third World nations are progressing independently and are becoming modern on their own. In order for the Third world nations to progress they needed help from the Western countries as there was a lot of poverty, inadequate resources, lack of social provisions and political instability in the Third world nations. Modernisation Theory ignores all the disapprovals and expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context which was addressed by the classical theorists (Tomlinson, 1991). In this theory, the traditional cultures, media habits, language, religion of the developing countries were not included, and were totally ridiculed and ignored (McPhail, 2009). One of the clear criticisms on this theory is that the American policy was to commit to free flow the information to the world and all the nations fell into the trap and gave immense support to this statement which was assumed to be true (McPhail, 2009). Scholars from the developing countries argued that the developing countries were not the beneficiaries of this theory, which was meant for them, but the western countries who created it were only getting benefitted out of this theory as it helped the companies to grow and establish in the Third world and could find their new consumers of their products (Thussu, 2009). A lot of people in the Third World remained poor and under developed, even after adapting themselves to modernisation theory and by the mid 70s, they started talking about the passing of the dominant paradigm (Rogers, 1976: 3).Slowly, when the US realised that the Southern nations are looking at them with suspicion, they stopped their free flow of information and became the one at the receiving end which at the end became a one way flow of information (McPhail, 2009). This matter was going to be brought up in the debate of the UNESCO in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but the US president, Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher withdrew from UNESCO in order to protest against NWICO. Different opinions resulted in creating two streams, one of which was the outline of cultural imperialism by Herbert Schiller and the NWICO debate and fallout. This resulted in making a particular culture homogenous, that is the American popular culture, which is been mass produced (McPhail, 2009). Due to these reasons, the theorists of modernisation theory realised that this theory needs to be redeveloped (Thussu, 2006). The revised modernisation theory gives greater notice to the local elites (Thussu, 2006). But even in the revised version, western technology remains important. According to Thussu, 2006, Modernisation requires advanced telecommunication and computer infrastructure, preferably through the efficient private corporations, thus integrating the South into a globalized information economy (Thussu, 2006: 46) Despite of all the criticism done on dependency theory, cultural imperialism thesis have been extremely influential in international communication (Tomlinson, 1991; Thompson, 1995). This particular thesis was extremely important and needed during the heated argument during the NWICO debates in UNESCO and other international fora in the 1970s (Thussu, 2006). While criticising this thesis, John Thompson, 1995, concluded that this research is probably the only systematic and moderately plausible attempt, to think about the globalisation of communication and its impact on the modern world (Thompson, 1995: 173). Theorists, who defend this theory, argued that the critics of this theory often take the notion which is totally not in reference to the theory and it is completely abstract (Mattelart and Mattelart, 1998). There were a lot of changes in the debate of international communication which reflected the language of privatisation and liberalisation in the 1990s, media and cultural dependency theories became less eminent but their relevance was very visible all around (Golding and Harris, 1997; Thussu, 1998; Hackett and Zhao, 2005 and Hamm and Smandych, 2005 cited in Thussu, 2006: 50) Boyd-Barrett rightly argues that media imperialism has not included variables, such as gender, media relations and ethnic issues, so it is still a very useful theory to understand of what he terms the colonisation of communication space (Boyd-Barrett. 1998: 157). References: 1. Amin, S. (1976) Accumulation on a world scale: a critique of the theory of underdevelopment. New York: Monthly Review Press. 2. Baran, P. (1957) The political economy of growth. New York: Monthly Review Press. 3. Berman. M (1983) All that is solid melts into air: the experience of modernity. London, verso, pp. 15 4. Boyd-Barrett, O. (1977) Media Imperialism: towards an international framework for the analysis of media systems. In J.Curran, M. Gurevitch and J. Woolacott (eds), Mass Communication and society. London: Edward Arnold. 5. Boyd-Barrett, O. (1998) Media imperialism which was developed again. In. D. Thussu (ed.), Electronic empires. London: Arnold. 6. Brandt Commission (1981) North-South: a programme for survival. The report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues under the chairmanship of Willi Brandt, London: Pan Books. 7. Castoriadis, C. (1985) Reflections on rationality and development, thesis eleven, no. 10/11, pp. 21. 8. Golding, P. And Harris, P. (eds) (1997) The political economy of the media 2 vols, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 9. Gunder Frank, A. (1969) Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America. New York. Monthly Review Press. 10. Hackett, R. A and Zhao, Y. (eds) (2005) Democratizing global media: one world, many struggles. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield. 11. Mattelart, A. (1979) Multinational corporations and the control of culture. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. 12. Mattelart, A. and Mattelart, M. (1998) Theories of communication: a short introduction. London: Sage. 13. McPhail, T. (2009) Development Communication Reframing the role of the media. London. Blackwell Publishing. 14. Mosco, V. (1996) The political economy of communication: rethinking and renewal. London: Sage. 15. Berger, P. (1974) Pyramids of sacrifice, Harmondsworth, Allen lane, pp. 197-8 16. Rogers, E. (1976) Communication and DevelopmentL the passing of a dominant paradigm. Communication Research, 3. 17. Schiller, H. (1969) Mass Communication and American Empire. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Second revised and updated edition published by Westview Press in 1992. 18. Schiller, H. (1976) Communication and cultural domination. New York: International Arts and sciences press, 9. 19. Somavia, J. (1976) The Transnational Power Structure and International Information. Development Dialogue, 2:   16-17. 20. South Commission (1990) The challenge of South: the report of the South Commission. Geneva: the South Centre. 21. Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1991) The global and the local in international communication. In J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds), Mass Media and Society. London: Edward Arnold. 22. Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1997) The many cultural phases of imperialism. In P. Golding and P. Harris (eds), Beyond cultural imperialism. London: Sage. 23. Stevenson, R. (1988) Communication, development and the Third World: the global politics of information. London: Longman. 38. 24. Thussu, D. K (ed.) (1998) Electronic empires: global media and local resistance. London: Arnold. 25. Thussu, D. K (2006) International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. 26. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 46. 27. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 48-49. 28. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 49. 29. Thussu, D. K (2006) Approaches to theorizing international communication. In: International Communication- Continuity and Change (2nd Ed) Great Britain: Hodder Education. Pp. 50. 30. Thompson, J. (1995) The media and modernity: a social theory of the media. Cambridge: Polity. 31. Tomlinson, J. (1991) Cultural Imperialism- a critical introduction. Great Britain. Pinter Publishers Ltd.

The Physics of a Diesel Engine Essay -- Energy Automobiles Essays

The Physics of a Diesel Engine The world we live in is surrounded by diesel engines. They are on the freeways, railways, airways, and are one of the leading electricity producers in the world. They are also becoming more popular in automobiles. These engines are efficient and reliable and they are getting very sophisticated. However, the physics behind these engines has not changed. By way of definition, courtesy of Diesel Engine Engineering: [a] diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which the chemical energy of fuel is transformed into thermal energy of the cylinder charge, in consequence of the self-ignition and combustion of fuel in the engine cylinder after compression of the air charge in the cylinder (p1 Makartchouk). There are basically two types of diesel engines, two-stroke and four-stroke. In a two-stroke engine the piston is forced from the top of the cylinder by the expanding air fuel mixture. Before the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder the used mixture, (called exhaust), is forced out of the cylinder by the incoming fresh air. The fresh air relies upon a blower, air induction system, to propel it into the combustion chamber. During this time period the piston begins to travel to the top of the cylinder and compress the fresh air sufficient to raise the temperature in the combustion chamber, (area between the top of the cylinder and the cylinder head at top dead center), to 1000-1200 degrees Fahrenheit (p12 Dagel). The fuel is then injected under pressure into the combustion chamber, the air ignites the fuel and the gases begin to expand finishing one cycle. A four-stroke engine begins the same way as the two-stroke with the expanding gases pushing the piston downward, called the ... ...n chamber rises dramatically. The combined fuel and air molecules bounce off one another and since the path of least resistance is the piston, the piston moves downward creating mechanical work. Applying physics to something in everyday use creates a new appreciation for what actually happens when you step on the accelerator pedal or see a truck pulling 40,000 plus pounds up a steep incline. With even a basic study of physics my worldview has changed. I now look at that cold piece of cast iron sitting in an engine compartment on a molecular level. Works Cited Dagel, John F., and Robert N. Brady. Diesel Engine and Fuel System Repair. Ohio: Prentice Hall, 2002. Kirkpatrick, Larry D., and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics A World View. Florida: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. Makartchouk, Andrei. Diesel Engine Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2002.